Rewrite audit-ready briefing: software is not a certificate.
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Open with an executive summary that HIPAA, SOC 2, and ISO 27001 are organizational programs. Verae DataCubes supply store, communicate, timestamp, verify, and audit tools for the technical portion only. Chapters cover transit (HPKE, visible routing), rest (IPFS/Peergos hash-verified restore), receipts, EU Peergos evaluations (Cure53 2019, ROS 2024), cross-blockchain timestamping, and write-once Iceberg archive. PDF is branded with the Verae logo top-left and Verae Inc contact in the footer; last chapters are sourced bios for Garfinkel (FINRA CRD 5052743), Haber, and Lambert.
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<title>7. Peergos security evaluations in Europe — Making yourself audit-ready with Verae DataCubes</title>
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<img class="logo" src="_static/VeraeFullLogo.png" alt="Logo of Making yourself audit-ready with Verae DataCubes"/>
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<a href="index.html">
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<img class="logo" src="_static/VeraeFullLogo.png" alt="Logo" />
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</a>
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</p>
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<p class="blurb">Tools for storage, communications, timestamping, verification, and audit — not a certificate.</p>
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</search>
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<script>document.getElementById('searchbox').style.display = "block"</script><h3>Navigation</h3>
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<p class="caption" role="heading"><span class="caption-text">Contents</span></p>
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<ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="executive.html">1. Executive summary</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="what-verae-provides.html">2. What Verae provides — and what it does not</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datacube-server.html">3. The Verae DataCube Server Solution</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="data-in-transit.html">4. Secure communications — data in transit</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="data-at-rest.html">5. Encryption at rest — IPFS blocks and Peergos</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="timestamped-receipts.html">6. Global timestamped receipts</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="current reference internal" href="#">7. Peergos security evaluations in Europe</a><ul>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-was-evaluated">7.1. What was evaluated</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#cure53-berlin-germany">7.2. 2019 — Cure53, Berlin, Germany</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#radically-open-security-b-v-amsterdam">7.3. 2024 — Radically Open Security B.V., Amsterdam</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#how-to-present-these-reports-to-an-auditor">7.4. How to present these reports to an auditor</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#hosted-peergos-versus-self-hosted-datacubes">7.5. Hosted Peergos versus self-hosted DataCubes</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#what-designed-under-funding-from-cure53-ros-is-not">7.6. What “designed under funding from Cure53 / ROS” is not</a></li>
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</ul>
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</li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="global-timestamping.html">8. Verae global timestamping — a cross-blockchain receipt</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="iceberg-archive.html">9. Write-once Iceberg archive</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="architecture.html">10. Architecture for an audit interview</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="baa-dpa.html">11. BAAs, DPAs, and ciphertext without host keys</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="checklist.html">12. Audit-ready checklist</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="howto.html">13. How to use this briefing</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bio-james-garfinkel.html">14. James H. Garfinkel</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bio-stuart-haber.html">15. Stuart Haber</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="bio-george-lambert.html">16. George Lambert</a></li>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="contact.html">17. Verae Inc — contact</a></li>
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</ul>
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<div class="relations">
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<h3>Related Topics</h3>
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<ul>
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<li><a href="index.html">Documentation overview</a><ul>
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<li>Previous: <a href="timestamped-receipts.html" title="previous chapter"><span class="section-number">6. </span>Global timestamped receipts</a></li>
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<li>Next: <a href="global-timestamping.html" title="next chapter"><span class="section-number">8. </span>Verae global timestamping — a cross-blockchain receipt</a></li>
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</ul></li>
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</ul>
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</div>
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</div>
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<div class="documentwrapper">
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<div class="bodywrapper">
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<div class="body" role="main">
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<section id="peergos-security-evaluations-in-europe">
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<h1><span class="section-number">7. </span>Peergos security evaluations in Europe<a class="headerlink" href="#peergos-security-evaluations-in-europe" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1>
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<section id="what-was-evaluated">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.1. </span>What was evaluated<a class="headerlink" href="#what-was-evaluated" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The offline storage and replication system used with Verae
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DataCubes is <strong>Peergos</strong>: an encrypted, peer-to-peer filesystem
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whose blocks live on IPFS. Peergos was designed as a
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trust-minimized store — the server is treated as an adversary
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for content and for most metadata — and that design was
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submitted to independent European security firms <strong>twice</strong>.</p>
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<p>Those engagements are <strong>security evaluations of the Peergos
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protocol and implementation</strong>. They are pentests, source-code
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audits, and (in 2019) a cryptographic and design review. They
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are <strong>not</strong>:</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p>a HIPAA certification of Peergos, Verae, or any customer;</p></li>
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<li><p>a SOC 2 Type I or Type II report;</p></li>
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<li><p>an ISO 27001 certificate of an ISMS;</p></li>
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<li><p>a government “certified filesystem” designation.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>Both firms are <strong>EU-based</strong>. Both full reports are <strong>public</strong>.
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That combination — independent, European, public, repeat —
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is unusual and is worth attaching to a vendor-assurance file,
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<strong>labeled correctly</strong>.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="cure53-berlin-germany">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.2. </span>2019 — Cure53, Berlin, Germany<a class="headerlink" href="#cure53-berlin-germany" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><strong>Firm:</strong> Cure53</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Location:</strong> Berlin, Germany</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>When:</strong> May–June 2019</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Scope:</strong> pentest, source-code audit, and
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<strong>crypto / design review</strong></p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Outcome:</strong> no fundamental architectural or cryptographic
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problems were identified. Issues that were identified were
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fixed. Cure53 stated that the platform <strong>passed this
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evaluation</strong>.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>A crypto/design review is a stronger statement than a
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black-box pentest of a web form. It is an expert reading of
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whether the cryptree, the chunk encryption, the identity
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model, and the threat model hang together. “Passed” in
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Cure53’s language is not an ISO mark. It is a specialist
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firm saying: we looked at the cryptography and the
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architecture, we did not find a fatal flaw, and the issues we
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did find were addressed.</p>
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<p>Primary sources (public):</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://peergos.org/posts/security-audit">https://peergos.org/posts/security-audit</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://cure53.de/pentest-report_peergos.pdf">https://cure53.de/pentest-report_peergos.pdf</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/Peergos/Peergos/tree/master/audits">https://github.com/Peergos/Peergos/tree/master/audits</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="radically-open-security-b-v-amsterdam">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.3. </span>2024 — Radically Open Security B.V., Amsterdam<a class="headerlink" href="#radically-open-security-b-v-amsterdam" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><strong>Firm:</strong> Radically Open Security B.V.</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Location:</strong> Amsterdam, Netherlands</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>When:</strong> September–November 2024</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Scope:</strong> crystal-box pentest plus code audit of the
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Peergos <strong>web UI</strong></p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Funding context:</strong> the 2024 audit post states support
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from <strong>NLnet</strong> (Netherlands) and refers to European Union
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Horizon 2020 <strong>NGI-POINTER</strong>, grant <strong>871528</strong>.</p></li>
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<li><p><strong>Outcome:</strong> <strong>0</strong> findings rated extreme, high, or
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elevated; <strong>2</strong> moderate; <strong>6</strong> low. Peergos states that
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all were fixed. There was <strong>no data exposure</strong> and <strong>no
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integrity compromise</strong>. The issues were described as
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mostly UI crashes.</p></li>
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</ul>
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<p>A crystal-box (clear-box) engagement means the testers had
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source. A web-UI scope is narrower than the 2019
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crypto/design review: it is evidence about the interface
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that humans actually click, which is where many “encrypted
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backend” products fail in practice. Zero high-severity
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findings, no data exposure, no integrity compromise, and a
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public report are the facts. They are good facts. They are
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still not a customer’s Type II.</p>
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<p>Primary sources (public):</p>
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<ul class="simple">
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://peergos.org/posts/security-audit-2024">https://peergos.org/posts/security-audit-2024</a></p></li>
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<li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/Peergos/Peergos/tree/master/audits">https://github.com/Peergos/Peergos/tree/master/audits</a></p></li>
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</ul>
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</section>
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<section id="how-to-present-these-reports-to-an-auditor">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.4. </span>How to present these reports to an auditor<a class="headerlink" href="#how-to-present-these-reports-to-an-auditor" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Correct:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>“Our at-rest layer is Peergos. Peergos was independently
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evaluated in Berlin in 2019 (crypto and design) and in
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Amsterdam in 2024 (web UI, crystal box). Both reports are
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public. We attach them as <strong>component security
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evaluations</strong>. They are not our SOC 2, not our ISO 27001,
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and not a HIPAA certification. Our own controls, our own
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period of examination, and our own auditor are separate.”</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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<p>Incorrect:</p>
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<blockquote>
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<div><p>“We are HIPAA certified because Peergos was audited in
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Europe.”</p>
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<p>“Peergos is ISO 27001.”</p>
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<p>“The EU certified this filesystem.”</p>
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</div></blockquote>
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<p>EU funding is not a certification. NGI-POINTER grant 871528
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is a research-and-innovation funding fact. It is worth
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listing under “provenance.” It is not a registrar’s mark.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="hosted-peergos-versus-self-hosted-datacubes">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.5. </span>Hosted Peergos versus self-hosted DataCubes<a class="headerlink" href="#hosted-peergos-versus-self-hosted-datacubes" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>Peergos’s hosted privacy notice has stated that peergos.net
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uses servers in <strong>Germany</strong>. A <strong>self-hosted</strong> organizational
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DataCube is a <strong>different processing location</strong>. The
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customer’s Record of Processing, BAA pack, and ISO scope
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must name <em>that</em> location — the customer’s ns1, region, or
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chosen host — not peergos.net’s Germany, unless the
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customer actually uses peergos.net.</p>
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<p>The evaluations still apply to the <strong>protocol and
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implementation</strong>. Location of processing is an
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organizational fact on top.</p>
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</section>
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<section id="what-designed-under-funding-from-cure53-ros-is-not">
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<h2><span class="section-number">7.6. </span>What “designed under funding from Cure53 / ROS” is not<a class="headerlink" href="#what-designed-under-funding-from-cure53-ros-is-not" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2>
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<p>The 2019 Cure53 work and the 2024 ROS work are <strong>evaluations</strong>
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of a system that was designed by the Peergos authors. They
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are not a claim that Cure53 or Radically Open Security
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designed Peergos. The accurate statement is: the storage and
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replication system was <strong>independently audited twice in
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Europe</strong>, by Cure53 in Berlin (2019) and by Radically Open
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Security in Amsterdam (2024), with public reports, and the
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2019 work included a cryptographic and design review of the
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architecture that Verae DataCubes rely on for data at rest.</p>
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</section>
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</section>
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</div>
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<strong>Verae Inc</strong>
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· <a href="https://www.verae.com">https://www.verae.com</a>
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· Book a call at <a href="https://www.verae.com">verae.com</a>
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