Improve testing for StreamableHttpHandler and IdleTrackingBackgroundService (#345)

* Add idle session pruning tests
* Remove redundant CTS from StreamableHttpHandler
  * StreamableHttpServerTransport.HandlePostRequest already creates the equivelant CTS
    which DeleteRequest_CompletesSession_WhichCancelsLongRunningToolCalls verifies
* Fix accept header validation for GET
* Use InvalidOperationException for transport-not-connected errors in doc comments
* Fix flaky Cancellation_ThrowsCancellationException test

Directory.Packages.props

@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging" Version="9.0.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console" Version="9.0.4" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Options" Version="9.0.4" />
+    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.Extensions.TimeProvider.Testing" Version="9.4.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="17.12.0" />
     <PackageVersion Include="Moq" Version="4.20.72" />
     <PackageVersion Include="OpenTelemetry" Version="1.11.2" />

src/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore/HttpMcpServerBuilderExtensions.cs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ public static class HttpMcpServerBuilderExtensions
     public static IMcpServerBuilder WithHttpTransport(this IMcpServerBuilder builder, Action<HttpServerTransportOptions>? configureOptions = null)
     {
         ArgumentNullException.ThrowIfNull(builder);
+
         builder.Services.TryAddSingleton<StreamableHttpHandler>();
         builder.Services.TryAddSingleton<SseHandler>();
         builder.Services.AddHostedService<IdleTrackingBackgroundService>();

src/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore/HttpMcpSession.cs

@@ -47,13 +47,18 @@ internal sealed class HttpMcpSession<TTransport>(string sessionId, TTransport tr
         }
         finally
         {
-            if (Server is not null)
+            try
             {
-                await Server.DisposeAsync();
+                if (Server is not null)
+                {
+                    await Server.DisposeAsync();
+                }
+            }
+            finally
+            {
+                await Transport.DisposeAsync();
+                _disposeCts.Dispose();
             }
-
-            await Transport.DisposeAsync();
-            _disposeCts.Dispose();
         }
     }
 

src/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore/HttpServerTransportOptions.cs

@@ -26,9 +26,17 @@ public class HttpServerTransportOptions
     /// Represents the duration of time the server will wait between any active requests before timing out an
     /// MCP session. This is checked in background every 5 seconds. A client trying to resume a session will
     /// receive a 404 status code and should restart their session. A client can keep their session open by
-    /// keeping a GET request open. The default value is set to 2 minutes.
+    /// keeping a GET request open. The default value is set to 2 hours.
     /// </summary>
-    public TimeSpan IdleTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(2);
+    public TimeSpan IdleTimeout { get; set; } = TimeSpan.FromHours(2);
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// The maximum number of idle sessions to track. This is used to limit the number of sessions that can be idle at once.
+    /// Past this limit, the server will log a critical error and terminate the oldest idle sessions even if they have not reached
+    /// their <see cref="IdleTimeout"/> until the idle session count is below this limit. Clients that keep their session open by
+    /// keeping a GET request open will not count towards this limit. The default value is set to 100,000 sessions.
+    /// </summary>
+    public int MaxIdleSessionCount { get; set; } = 100_000;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Used for testing the <see cref="IdleTimeout"/>.

src/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore/IdleTrackingBackgroundService.cs

@@ -8,28 +8,40 @@ namespace ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore;
 internal sealed partial class IdleTrackingBackgroundService(
     StreamableHttpHandler handler,
     IOptions<HttpServerTransportOptions> options,
+    IHostApplicationLifetime appLifetime,
     ILogger<IdleTrackingBackgroundService> logger) : BackgroundService
 {
     // The compiler will complain about the parameter being unused otherwise despite the source generator.
     private ILogger _logger = logger;
 
-    // We can make this configurable once we properly harden the MCP server. In the meantime, anyone running
-    // this should be taking a cattle not pets approach to their servers and be able to launch more processes
-    // to handle more than 10,000 idle sessions at a time.
-    private const int MaxIdleSessionCount = 10_000;
-
     protected override async Task ExecuteAsync(CancellationToken stoppingToken)
     {
-        var timeProvider = options.Value.TimeProvider;
+        // Still run loop given infinite IdleTimeout to enforce the MaxIdleSessionCount and assist graceful shutdown.
-        using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), timeProvider);
+        if (options.Value.IdleTimeout != Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan)
+        {
+            ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(options.Value.IdleTimeout, TimeSpan.Zero);
+        }
+        ArgumentOutOfRangeException.ThrowIfLessThan(options.Value.MaxIdleSessionCount, 0);
 
         try
         {
+            var timeProvider = options.Value.TimeProvider;
+            using var timer = new PeriodicTimer(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5), timeProvider);
+
+            var idleTimeoutTicks = options.Value.IdleTimeout.Ticks;
+            var maxIdleSessionCount = options.Value.MaxIdleSessionCount;
+
+            // The default ValueTuple Comparer will check the first item then the second which preserves both order and uniqueness.
+            var idleSessions = new SortedSet<(long Timestamp, string SessionId)>();
+
             while (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested && await timer.WaitForNextTickAsync(stoppingToken))
             {
-                var idleActivityCutoff = timeProvider.GetTimestamp() - options.Value.IdleTimeout.Ticks;
+                var idleActivityCutoff = idleTimeoutTicks switch
+                {
+                    < 0 => long.MinValue,
+                    var ticks => timeProvider.GetTimestamp() - ticks,
+                };
 
-                var idleCount = 0;
                 foreach (var (_, session) in handler.Sessions)
                 {
                     if (session.IsActive || session.SessionClosed.IsCancellationRequested)
@@ -38,26 +50,32 @@ internal sealed partial class IdleTrackingBackgroundService(
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    idleCount++;
+                    if (session.LastActivityTicks < idleActivityCutoff)
-                    if (idleCount == MaxIdleSessionCount)
-                    {
-                        // Emit critical log at most once every 5 seconds the idle count it exceeded, 
-                        //since the IdleTimeout will no longer be respected.
-                        LogMaxSessionIdleCountExceeded();
-                    }
-                    else if (idleCount < MaxIdleSessionCount && session.LastActivityTicks > idleActivityCutoff)
                     {
+                        RemoveAndCloseSession(session.Id);
                         continue;
                     }
 
-                    if (handler.Sessions.TryRemove(session.Id, out var removedSession))
+                    idleSessions.Add((session.LastActivityTicks, session.Id));
-                    {
-                        LogSessionIdle(removedSession.Id);
 
-                        // Don't slow down the idle tracking loop. DisposeSessionAsync logs. We only await during graceful shutdown.
+                    // Emit critical log at most once every 5 seconds the idle count it exceeded,
-                        _ = DisposeSessionAsync(removedSession);
+                    // since the IdleTimeout will no longer be respected.
+                    if (idleSessions.Count == maxIdleSessionCount + 1)
+                    {
+                        LogMaxSessionIdleCountExceeded(maxIdleSessionCount);
                     }
                 }
+
+                if (idleSessions.Count > maxIdleSessionCount)
+                {
+                    var sessionsToPrune = idleSessions.ToArray()[..^maxIdleSessionCount];
+                    foreach (var (_, id) in sessionsToPrune)
+                    {
+                        RemoveAndCloseSession(id);
+                    }
+                }
+
+                idleSessions.Clear();
             }
         }
         catch (OperationCanceledException) when (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
@@ -65,7 +83,7 @@ internal sealed partial class IdleTrackingBackgroundService(
         }
         finally
         {
-            if (stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+            try
             {
                 List<Task> disposeSessionTasks = [];
 
@@ -79,9 +97,31 @@ internal sealed partial class IdleTrackingBackgroundService(
 
                 await Task.WhenAll(disposeSessionTasks);
             }
+            finally
+            {
+                if (!stoppingToken.IsCancellationRequested)
+                {
+                    // Something went terribly wrong. A very unexpected exception must be bubbling up, but let's ensure we also stop the application,
+                    // so that it hopefully gets looked at and restarted. This shouldn't really be reachable.
+                    appLifetime.StopApplication();
+                    IdleTrackingBackgroundServiceStoppedUnexpectedly();
+                }
+            }
         }
     }
 
+    private void RemoveAndCloseSession(string sessionId)
+    {
+        if (!handler.Sessions.TryRemove(sessionId, out var session))
+        {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        LogSessionIdle(session.Id);
+        // Don't slow down the idle tracking loop. DisposeSessionAsync logs. We only await during graceful shutdown.
+        _ = DisposeSessionAsync(session);
+    }
+
     private async Task DisposeSessionAsync(HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport> session)
     {
         try
@@ -97,9 +137,12 @@ internal sealed partial class IdleTrackingBackgroundService(
     [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Information, Message = "Closing idle session {sessionId}.")]
     private partial void LogSessionIdle(string sessionId);
 
-    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Critical, Message = "Exceeded static maximum of 10,000 idle connections. Now clearing all inactive connections regardless of timeout.")]
+    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Error, Message = "Error disposing session {sessionId}.")]
-    private partial void LogMaxSessionIdleCountExceeded();
-
-    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Error, Message = "Error disposing the IMcpServer for session {sessionId}.")]
     private partial void LogSessionDisposeError(string sessionId, Exception ex);
+
+    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Critical, Message = "Exceeded maximum of {maxIdleSessionCount} idle sessions. Now closing sessions active more recently than configured IdleTimeout.")]
+    private partial void LogMaxSessionIdleCountExceeded(int maxIdleSessionCount);
+
+    [LoggerMessage(Level = LogLevel.Critical, Message = "The IdleTrackingBackgroundService has stopped unexpectedly.")]
+    private partial void IdleTrackingBackgroundServiceStoppedUnexpectedly();
 }

src/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore/StreamableHttpHandler.cs

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http.Features;
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.WebUtilities;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.Options;
+using Microsoft.Net.Http.Headers;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Messages;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Transport;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Server;
@@ -23,18 +24,19 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
     IServiceProvider applicationServices)
 {
     private static JsonTypeInfo<JsonRpcError> s_errorTypeInfo = GetRequiredJsonTypeInfo<JsonRpcError>();
+    private static MediaTypeHeaderValue ApplicationJsonMediaType = new("application/json");
+    private static MediaTypeHeaderValue TextEventStreamMediaType = new("text/event-stream");
 
     public ConcurrentDictionary<string, HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>> Sessions { get; } = new(StringComparer.Ordinal);
 
     public async Task HandlePostRequestAsync(HttpContext context)
     {
         // The Streamable HTTP spec mandates the client MUST accept both application/json and text/event-stream.
-        // ASP.NET Core Minimal APIs mostly ry to stay out of the business of response content negotiation, so
+        // ASP.NET Core Minimal APIs mostly try to stay out of the business of response content negotiation,
-        // we have to do this manually. The spec doesn't mandate that servers MUST reject these requests, but it's
+        // so we have to do this manually. The spec doesn't mandate that servers MUST reject these requests,
-        // probably good to at least start out trying to be strict.
+        // but it's probably good to at least start out trying to be strict.
-        var acceptHeader = context.Request.Headers.Accept.ToString();
+        var acceptHeaders = context.Request.GetTypedHeaders().Accept;
-        if (!acceptHeader.Contains("application/json", StringComparison.Ordinal) ||
+        if (!acceptHeaders.Contains(ApplicationJsonMediaType) || !acceptHeaders.Contains(TextEventStreamMediaType))
-            !acceptHeader.Contains("text/event-stream", StringComparison.Ordinal))
         {
             await WriteJsonRpcErrorAsync(context,
                 "Not Acceptable: Client must accept both application/json and text/event-stream",
@@ -49,9 +51,8 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
         }
 
         using var _ = session.AcquireReference();
-        using var cts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(context.RequestAborted, session.SessionClosed);
         InitializeSseResponse(context);
-        var wroteResponse = await session.Transport.HandlePostRequest(new HttpDuplexPipe(context), cts.Token);
+        var wroteResponse = await session.Transport.HandlePostRequest(new HttpDuplexPipe(context), context.RequestAborted);
         if (!wroteResponse)
         {
             // We wound up writing nothing, so there should be no Content-Type response header.
@@ -62,8 +63,8 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
 
     public async Task HandleGetRequestAsync(HttpContext context)
     {
-        var acceptHeader = context.Request.Headers.Accept.ToString();
+        var acceptHeaders = context.Request.GetTypedHeaders().Accept;
-        if (!acceptHeader.Contains("application/json", StringComparison.Ordinal))
+        if (!acceptHeaders.Contains(TextEventStreamMediaType))
         {
             await WriteJsonRpcErrorAsync(context,
                 "Not Acceptable: Client must accept text/event-stream",
@@ -105,12 +106,6 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
         }
     }
 
-    private void InitializeSessionResponse(HttpContext context, HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport> session)
-    {
-        context.Response.Headers["mcp-session-id"] = session.Id;
-        context.Features.Set(session.Server);
-    }
-
     private async ValueTask<HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>?> GetSessionAsync(HttpContext context, string sessionId)
     {
         if (Sessions.TryGetValue(sessionId, out var existingSession))
@@ -123,7 +118,8 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
                 return null;
             }
 
-            InitializeSessionResponse(context, existingSession);
+            context.Response.Headers["mcp-session-id"] = existingSession.Id;
+            context.Features.Set(existingSession.Server);
             return existingSession;
         }
 
@@ -138,11 +134,10 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
     private async ValueTask<HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>?> GetOrCreateSessionAsync(HttpContext context)
     {
         var sessionId = context.Request.Headers["mcp-session-id"].ToString();
-        HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>? session;
 
         if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(sessionId))
         {
-            session = await CreateSessionAsync(context);
+            var session = await CreateSessionAsync(context);
 
             if (!Sessions.TryAdd(session.Id, session))
             {
@@ -159,6 +154,9 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
 
     private async ValueTask<HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>> CreateSessionAsync(HttpContext context)
     {
+        var sessionId = MakeNewSessionId();
+        context.Response.Headers["mcp-session-id"] = sessionId;
+
         var mcpServerOptions = mcpServerOptionsSnapshot.Value;
         if (httpMcpServerOptions.Value.ConfigureSessionOptions is { } configureSessionOptions)
         {
@@ -169,8 +167,9 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
         var transport = new StreamableHttpServerTransport();
         // Use application instead of request services, because the session will likely outlive the first initialization request.
         var server = McpServerFactory.Create(transport, mcpServerOptions, loggerFactory, applicationServices);
+        context.Features.Set(server);
 
-        var session = new HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>(MakeNewSessionId(), transport, context.User, httpMcpServerOptions.Value.TimeProvider)
+        var session = new HttpMcpSession<StreamableHttpServerTransport>(sessionId, transport, context.User, httpMcpServerOptions.Value.TimeProvider)
         {
             Server = server,
         };
@@ -178,7 +177,6 @@ internal sealed class StreamableHttpHandler(
         var runSessionAsync = httpMcpServerOptions.Value.RunSessionHandler ?? RunSessionAsync;
         session.ServerRunTask = runSessionAsync(context, server, session.SessionClosed);
 
-        InitializeSessionResponse(context, session);
         return session;
     }
 

src/ModelContextProtocol/IMcpEndpoint.cs

@@ -34,7 +34,8 @@ public interface IMcpEndpoint : IAsyncDisposable
     /// <param name="request">The JSON-RPC request to send.</param>
     /// <param name="cancellationToken">The <see cref="CancellationToken"/> to monitor for cancellation requests. The default is <see cref="CancellationToken.None"/>.</param>
     /// <returns>A task containing the endpoint's response.</returns>
-    /// <exception cref="McpException">The transport is not connected, or another error occurs during request processing.</exception>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">The transport is not connected, or another error occurs during request processing.</exception>
+    /// <exception cref="McpException">An error occured during request processing.</exception>
     /// <remarks>
     /// This method provides low-level access to send raw JSON-RPC requests. For most use cases,
     /// consider using the strongly-typed extension methods that provide a more convenient API.
@@ -50,7 +51,7 @@ public interface IMcpEndpoint : IAsyncDisposable
     /// </param>
     /// <param name="cancellationToken">The <see cref="CancellationToken"/> to monitor for cancellation requests. The default is <see cref="CancellationToken.None"/>.</param>
     /// <returns>A task that represents the asynchronous send operation.</returns>
-    /// <exception cref="McpException">The transport is not connected.</exception>
+    /// <exception cref="InvalidOperationException">The transport is not connected.</exception>
     /// <exception cref="ArgumentNullException"><paramref name="message"/> is <see langword="null"/>.</exception>
     /// <remarks>
     /// <para>

src/ModelContextProtocol/Protocol/Transport/SseWriter.cs

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ internal sealed class SseWriter(string? messageEndpoint = null, BoundedChannelOp
     {
         Throw.IfNull(message);
 
-        using var _ = await _disposeLock.LockAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
+        using var _ = await _disposeLock.LockAsync(cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
 
         if (_disposed)
         {

src/ModelContextProtocol/Protocol/Transport/StreamableHttpServerTransport.cs

@@ -51,8 +51,8 @@ public sealed class StreamableHttpServerTransport : ITransport
             throw new InvalidOperationException("Session resumption is not yet supported. Please start a new session.");
         }
 
-        using var getCts = CancellationTokenSource.CreateLinkedTokenSource(_disposeCts.Token, cancellationToken);
+        // We do not need to reference _disposeCts like in HandlePostRequest, because the session ending completes the _sseWriter gracefully.
-        await _sseWriter.WriteAllAsync(sseResponseStream, getCts.Token).ConfigureAwait(false);
+        await _sseWriter.WriteAllAsync(sseResponseStream, cancellationToken).ConfigureAwait(false);
     }
 
     /// <summary>

tests/Common/Utils/DelegatingTestOutputHelper.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
 
-public class DelegatingTestOutputHelper : ITestOutputHelper
+public class DelegatingTestOutputHelper() : ITestOutputHelper
 {
     public ITestOutputHelper? CurrentTestOutputHelper { get; set; }
 

tests/Common/Utils/LoggedTest.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
+
+public class LoggedTest : IDisposable
+{
+    private readonly DelegatingTestOutputHelper _delegatingTestOutputHelper;
+
+    public LoggedTest(ITestOutputHelper testOutputHelper)
+    {
+        _delegatingTestOutputHelper = new()
+        {
+            CurrentTestOutputHelper = testOutputHelper,
+        };
+        LoggerProvider = new XunitLoggerProvider(_delegatingTestOutputHelper);
+        LoggerFactory = Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.LoggerFactory.Create(builder =>
+        {
+            builder.AddProvider(LoggerProvider);
+        });
+    }
+
+    public ITestOutputHelper TestOutputHelper => _delegatingTestOutputHelper;
+    public ILoggerFactory LoggerFactory { get; }
+    public ILoggerProvider LoggerProvider { get; }
+
+    public virtual void Dispose()
+    {
+        _delegatingTestOutputHelper.CurrentTestOutputHelper = null;
+    }
+}

tests/Common/Utils/MockHttpHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
+
+public class MockHttpHandler : HttpMessageHandler
+{
+    public Func<HttpRequestMessage, Task<HttpResponseMessage>>? RequestHandler { get; set; }
+
+    protected async override Task<HttpResponseMessage> SendAsync(HttpRequestMessage request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
+    {
+        if (RequestHandler == null)
+            throw new InvalidOperationException($"No {nameof(RequestHandler)} was set! Please set handler first and make request afterwards.");
+        
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+        var result = await RequestHandler.Invoke(request);
+        
+        cancellationToken.ThrowIfCancellationRequested();
+
+        return result;
+    }
+}

tests/Common/Utils/MockLoggerProvider.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using System.Collections.Concurrent;
+
+namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
+
+public class MockLoggerProvider() : ILoggerProvider
+{
+    public ConcurrentQueue<(string Category, LogLevel LogLevel, string Message, Exception? Exception)> LogMessages { get; } = [];
+
+    public ILogger CreateLogger(string categoryName)
+    {
+        return new MockLogger(this, categoryName);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+    }
+
+    private class MockLogger(MockLoggerProvider mockProvider, string category) : ILogger
+    {
+        public void Log<TState>(
+            LogLevel logLevel, EventId eventId, TState state, Exception? exception, Func<TState, Exception?, string> formatter)
+        {
+            mockProvider.LogMessages.Enqueue((category, logLevel, formatter(state, exception), exception));
+        }
+
+        public bool IsEnabled(LogLevel logLevel) => true;
+
+        // The MockLoggerProvider is a convenient NoopDisposable
+        public IDisposable BeginScope<TState>(TState state) where TState : notnull => mockProvider;
+    }
+}

tests/Common/Utils/TestServerTransport.cs

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Messages;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Transport;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Types;
+using ModelContextProtocol.Utils.Json;
 using System.Text.Json;
 using System.Threading.Channels;
 
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ public class TestServerTransport : ITransport
     {
         _messageChannel.Writer.TryComplete();
         IsConnected = false;
-        return ValueTask.CompletedTask;
+        return default;
     }
 
     public async Task SendMessageAsync(JsonRpcMessage message, CancellationToken cancellationToken = default)
@@ -63,7 +64,7 @@ public class TestServerTransport : ITransport
             Result = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(new ListRootsResult
             {
                 Roots = []
-            }),
+            }, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions),
         }, cancellationToken);
     }
 
@@ -72,7 +73,7 @@ public class TestServerTransport : ITransport
         await WriteMessageAsync(new JsonRpcResponse
         {
             Id = request.Id,
-            Result = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(new CreateMessageResult { Content = new(), Model = "model", Role = Role.Assistant }),
+            Result = JsonSerializer.SerializeToNode(new CreateMessageResult { Content = new(), Model = "model", Role = Role.User }, McpJsonUtilities.DefaultOptions),
         }, cancellationToken);
     }
 

tests/Common/Utils/XunitLoggerProvider.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+using System.Globalization;
+using System.Text;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+
+namespace ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
+
+public class XunitLoggerProvider(ITestOutputHelper output) : ILoggerProvider
+{
+    public ILogger CreateLogger(string categoryName)
+    {
+        return new XunitLogger(output, categoryName);
+    }
+
+    public void Dispose()
+    {
+    }
+
+    private class XunitLogger(ITestOutputHelper output, string category) : ILogger
+    {
+        public void Log<TState>(
+            LogLevel logLevel, EventId eventId, TState state, Exception? exception, Func<TState, Exception?, string> formatter)
+        {
+            var sb = new StringBuilder();
+
+            var timestamp = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow.ToString("s", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
+            var prefix = $"| [{timestamp}] {category} {logLevel}: ";
+            var lines = formatter(state, exception);
+            sb.Append(prefix);
+            sb.Append(lines);
+
+            if (exception is not null)
+            {
+                sb.AppendLine();
+                sb.Append(exception.ToString());
+            }
+
+            output.WriteLine(sb.ToString());
+        }
+
+        public bool IsEnabled(LogLevel logLevel) => true;
+
+        public IDisposable BeginScope<TState>(TState state) where TState : notnull
+            => new NoopDisposable();
+
+        private sealed class NoopDisposable : IDisposable
+        {
+            public void Dispose()
+            {
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}

tests/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore.Tests/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore.Tests.csproj

@@ -22,6 +22,10 @@
     <DisableTestingPlatformServerCapability>true</DisableTestingPlatformServerCapability>
   </PropertyGroup>
 
+  <ItemGroup>
+    <Compile Include="..\Common\**\*.cs" />
+  </ItemGroup>
+
   <ItemGroup>
     <PackageReference Include="coverlet.collector">
       <IncludeAssets>runtime; build; native; contentfiles; analyzers; buildtransitive</IncludeAssets>
@@ -35,6 +39,7 @@
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.AI.OpenAI" />
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging" />
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console" />
+    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.Extensions.TimeProvider.Testing" />
     <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" />
     <PackageReference Include="Moq" />
     <PackageReference Include="OpenTelemetry" />

tests/ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore.Tests/StreamableHttpTests.cs

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
 using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
+using Microsoft.Extensions.Time.Testing;
+using Microsoft.Net.Http.Headers;
 using ModelContextProtocol.AspNetCore.Tests.Utils;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Messages;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Protocol.Types;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Server;
+using ModelContextProtocol.Tests.Utils;
 using ModelContextProtocol.Utils.Json;
 using System.Net;
 using System.Net.ServerSentEvents;
@@ -27,8 +31,6 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
 
     private async Task StartAsync()
     {
-        AddDefaultHttpClientRequestHeaders();
-
         Builder.Services.AddMcpServer(options =>
         {
             options.ServerInfo = new Implementation
@@ -43,6 +45,9 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         _app.MapMcp();
 
         await _app.StartAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("application/json"));
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/event-stream"));
     }
 
     public async ValueTask DisposeAsync()
@@ -54,6 +59,31 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         base.Dispose();
     }
 
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task NegativeNonInfiniteIdleTimeout_Throws_ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
+    {
+        Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport(options =>
+        {
+            options.IdleTimeout = TimeSpan.MinValue;
+        });
+
+        var ex = await Assert.ThrowsAnyAsync<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(StartAsync);
+        Assert.Contains("IdleTimeout", ex.Message);
+    }
+
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task NegativeMaxIdleSessionCount_Throws_ArgumentOutOfRangeException()
+    {
+        Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport(options =>
+        {
+            options.MaxIdleSessionCount = -1;
+        });
+
+        var ex = await Assert.ThrowsAnyAsync<ArgumentOutOfRangeException>(StartAsync);
+        Assert.Contains("MaxIdleSessionCount", ex.Message);
+    }
+
     [Fact]
     public async Task InitialPostResponse_Includes_McpSessionIdHeader()
     {
@@ -74,26 +104,16 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.UnsupportedMediaType, response.StatusCode);
     }
 
-    [Fact]
+    [Theory]
-    public async Task PostRequest_IsNotAcceptable_WithoutApplicationJsonAcceptHeader()
+    [InlineData("text/event-stream")]
+    [InlineData("application/json")]
+    [InlineData("application/json-text/event-stream")]
+    public async Task PostRequest_IsNotAcceptable_WithSingleAcceptHeader(string singleAcceptValue)
     {
         await StartAsync();
 
         HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Clear();
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/event-stream"));
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.TryAddWithoutValidation(HeaderNames.Accept, singleAcceptValue);
-
-        using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("", JsonContent(InitializeRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
-        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotAcceptable, response.StatusCode);
-    }
-
-
-    [Fact]
-    public async Task PostRequest_IsNotAcceptable_WithoutTextEventStreamAcceptHeader()
-    {
-        await StartAsync();
-
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Clear();
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/json"));
 
         using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("", JsonContent(InitializeRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
         Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotAcceptable, response.StatusCode);
@@ -105,7 +125,7 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         await StartAsync();
 
         HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Clear();
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/json"));
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("application/json"));
 
         using var response = await HttpClient.GetAsync("", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
         Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotAcceptable, response.StatusCode);
@@ -131,7 +151,6 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
     [Fact]
     public async Task InitializeRequest_Matches_CustomRoute()
     {
-        AddDefaultHttpClientRequestHeaders();
         Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport();
         await using var app = Builder.Build();
 
@@ -139,6 +158,8 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
 
         await app.StartAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
 
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("application/json"));
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/event-stream"));
         using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("/custom-route", JsonContent(InitializeRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
         Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.OK, response.StatusCode);
     }
@@ -312,10 +333,21 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         for (int i = 0; i < longRunningToolTasks.Length; i++)
         {
             longRunningToolTasks[i] = CallLongRunningToolAsync();
+        }
+
+        var getResponse = await HttpClient.GetAsync("", HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead, TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < longRunningToolTasks.Length; i++)
+        {
             Assert.False(longRunningToolTasks[i].IsCompleted);
         }
+
         await HttpClient.DeleteAsync("", TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
 
+        // Get request should complete gracefully.
+        var sseResponseBody = await getResponse.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.Empty(sseResponseBody);
+
         // Currently, the OCE thrown by the canceled session is unhandled and turned into a 500 error by Kestrel.
         // The spec suggests sending CancelledNotifications. That would be good, but we can do that later.
         // For now, the important thing is that request completes without indicating success.
@@ -361,10 +393,98 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         Assert.Equal(11, currentSseItem);
     }
 
-    private void AddDefaultHttpClientRequestHeaders()
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task IdleSessions_ArePruned_AfterIdleTimeout()
     {
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("application/json"));
+        var fakeTimeProvider = new FakeTimeProvider();
-        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new("text/event-stream"));
+        Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport(options =>
+        {
+            Assert.Equal(TimeSpan.FromHours(2), options.IdleTimeout);
+            options.TimeProvider = fakeTimeProvider;
+        });
+
+        await StartAsync();
+        await CallInitializeAndValidateAsync();
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+
+        // Add 5 seconds to idle timeout to account for the interval of the PeriodicTimer.
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromHours(2) + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(5));
+
+        using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("", JsonContent(EchoRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, response.StatusCode);
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task IdleSessions_AreNotPruned_WithInfiniteIdleTimeoutWhileUnderMaxIdleSessionCount()
+    {
+        var fakeTimeProvider = new FakeTimeProvider();
+        Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport(options =>
+        {
+            options.IdleTimeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan;
+            options.TimeProvider = fakeTimeProvider;
+        });
+
+        await StartAsync();
+        await CallInitializeAndValidateAsync();
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromDays(1));
+
+        // Echo still works because the session has not been pruned.
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+    }
+
+    [Fact]
+    public async Task IdleSessionsPastMaxIdleSessionCount_ArePruned_LongestIdleFirstDespiteIdleTimeout()
+    {
+        var fakeTimeProvider = new FakeTimeProvider();
+        Builder.Services.AddMcpServer().WithHttpTransport(options =>
+        {
+            options.IdleTimeout = Timeout.InfiniteTimeSpan;
+            options.MaxIdleSessionCount = 2;
+            options.TimeProvider = fakeTimeProvider;
+        });
+
+        var mockLoggerProvider = new MockLoggerProvider();
+        Builder.Logging.AddProvider(mockLoggerProvider);
+
+        await StartAsync();
+
+        // Start first session.
+        var firstSessionId = await CallInitializeAndValidateAsync();
+
+        // Start a second session to trigger pruning of the original session.
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromTicks(1));
+        var secondSessionId = await CallInitializeAndValidateAsync();
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(firstSessionId, secondSessionId);
+
+        // First session ID still works, since we allow up to 2 idle sessions.
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromTicks(1));
+        SetSessionId(firstSessionId);
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+
+        // Start a third session to trigger pruning of the first session.
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromTicks(1));
+        var thirdSessionId = await CallInitializeAndValidateAsync();
+
+        Assert.NotEqual(secondSessionId, thirdSessionId);
+
+        // Pruning of the second session results in a 404 since we used the first session more recently.
+        fakeTimeProvider.Advance(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(10));
+        SetSessionId(secondSessionId);
+        using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("", JsonContent(EchoRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
+        Assert.Equal(HttpStatusCode.NotFound, response.StatusCode);
+
+        // But the first and third session IDs should still work.
+        SetSessionId(firstSessionId);
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+
+        SetSessionId(thirdSessionId);
+        await CallEchoAndValidateAsync();
+
+        var logMessage = Assert.Single(mockLoggerProvider.LogMessages, m => m.LogLevel == LogLevel.Critical);
+        Assert.StartsWith("Exceeded maximum of 2 idle sessions.", logMessage.Message);
     }
 
     private static StringContent JsonContent(string json) => new StringContent(json, Encoding.UTF8, "application/json");
@@ -437,7 +557,7 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
 
     private string CallToolWithProgressToken(string toolName, string arguments = "{}") =>
         Request("tools/call", $$$"""
-            {"name":"{{{toolName}}}","arguments":{{{arguments}}}, "_meta":{"progressToken": "abc123"}}
+            {"name":"{{{toolName}}}","arguments":{{{arguments}}},"_meta":{"progressToken":"abc123"}}
             """);
 
     private static InitializeResult AssertServerInfo(JsonRpcResponse rpcResponse)
@@ -457,13 +577,21 @@ public class StreamableHttpTests(ITestOutputHelper outputHelper) : KestrelInMemo
         return callToolResponse;
     }
 
-    private async Task CallInitializeAndValidateAsync()
+    private async Task<string> CallInitializeAndValidateAsync()
     {
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Remove("mcp-session-id");
         using var response = await HttpClient.PostAsync("", JsonContent(InitializeRequest), TestContext.Current.CancellationToken);
         var rpcResponse = await AssertSingleSseResponseAsync(response);
         AssertServerInfo(rpcResponse);
 
         var sessionId = Assert.Single(response.Headers.GetValues("mcp-session-id"));
+        SetSessionId(sessionId);
+        return sessionId;
+    }
+
+    private void SetSessionId(string sessionId)
+    {
+        HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Remove("mcp-session-id");
         HttpClient.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add("mcp-session-id", sessionId);
     }
 

tests/ModelContextProtocol.Tests/Client/McpClientFactoryTests.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ public class McpClientFactoryTests
         Task t = McpClientFactory.CreateAsync(
             new StreamClientTransport(new Pipe().Writer.AsStream(), new Pipe().Reader.AsStream()),
             cancellationToken: cts.Token);
-        Assert.False(t.IsCompleted);
+        if (!preCanceled)
+        {
+            Assert.False(t.IsCompleted);
+        }
 
         if (!preCanceled)
         {