mcp: carry a cancelled notification's reason as the request's cancel cause (#1255)

The canceller read `CancelledParams.Reason` off the wire and dropped it:
`Connection.Cancel` cancelled the request's context with a nil cause, so
a handler that looked at `context.Cause` saw a bare `context.Canceled`
and nothing of what the peer said. The specification asks
implementations to log cancellation reasons, and the handler is the one
place that can act on one; #1100 had already given the request context a
cause, so the reason has a natural place to travel.

`Connection.CancelCause` is `Cancel` with a cause. The canceller now
cancels with an error that carries the peer's reason and unwraps to
`context.Canceled`, so `errors.Is` keeps classifying the cancellation as
one while `context.Cause` reads `request cancelled by the peer:
<reason>`. It also logs the id and the reason at debug level through the
logger the connection already carries, which is the SDK's own answer to
the SHOULD. No exported API changes: the cause type stays unexported and
is read through `context.Cause` and `Error()`.

`TestCancellation` now asserts the cause the SDK's own client produces
(its context's error, which the client sends as the reason), and
`TestCancellationReason` writes the call and the cancelled notification
to the connection directly with a reason the client would never send, on
a session pinned to 2025-11-25 so the hand-written request needs no
`_meta`. Both fail without the change.

Fixes #1254

Co-authored-by: Guglielmo Colombo <guglielmoc@google.com>

internal/jsonrpc2/conn.go

@@ -453,12 +453,19 @@ func (ac *AsyncCall) Await(ctx context.Context, result any) error {
 // will not cause any messages that have not arrived yet with that ID to be
 // cancelled.
 func (c *Connection) Cancel(id ID) {
+	c.CancelCause(id, nil)
+}
+
+// CancelCause is like [Connection.Cancel], but records cause as the reason
+// the Context was cancelled, so that the Handle call can read it back through
+// [context.Cause]. A nil cause reads as [context.Canceled].
+func (c *Connection) CancelCause(id ID, cause error) {
 	var req *incomingRequest
 	c.updateInFlight(func(s *inFlightState) {
 		req = s.incomingByID[id]
 	})
 	if req != nil {
-		req.cancel(nil)
+		req.cancel(cause)
 	}
 }