auth: add OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource Metadata handler

This change adds support for RFC 9728 (OAuth 2.0 Protected Resource Metadata)
by introducing a `ProtectedResourceMetadataHandler`.

The handler includes built-in CORS support with `Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *`
by default, as OAuth metadata is public information meant for client discovery.

Documentation includes examples for using custom CORS policies with
popular middleware libraries (github.com/rs/cors and github.com/jub0bs/cors).

The implementation follows RFC 9728 §3.1 for OAuth 2.0 Authorization Server
Metadata discovery, enabling clients to discover protected resource capabilities
and authentication requirements.

auth/auth.go

@@ -6,11 +6,14 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
+
+	"github.com/modelcontextprotocol/go-sdk/oauthex"
 )
 
 // TokenInfo holds information from a bearer token.
@@ -123,3 +126,43 @@ func verify(req *http.Request, verifier TokenVerifier, opts *RequireBearerTokenO
 	}
 	return tokenInfo, "", 0
 }
+
+// ProtectedResourceMetadataHandler returns an http.Handler that serves OAuth 2.0
+// protected resource metadata (RFC 9728) with CORS support.
+//
+// This handler allows cross-origin requests from any origin (Access-Control-Allow-Origin: *)
+// because OAuth metadata is public information intended for client discovery (RFC 9728 §3.1).
+// The metadata contains only non-sensitive configuration data about authorization servers
+// and supported scopes.
+//
+// No validation of metadata fields is performed; ensure metadata accuracy at configuration time.
+//
+// For more sophisticated CORS policies or to restrict origins, wrap this handler with a
+// CORS middleware like github.com/rs/cors or github.com/jub0bs/cors.
+func ProtectedResourceMetadataHandler(metadata *oauthex.ProtectedResourceMetadata) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		// Set CORS headers for cross-origin client discovery.
+		// OAuth metadata is public information, so allowing any origin is safe.
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*")
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, OPTIONS")
+		w.Header().Set("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Content-Type")
+
+		// Handle CORS preflight requests
+		if r.Method == http.MethodOptions {
+			w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Only GET allowed for metadata retrieval
+		if r.Method != http.MethodGet {
+			http.Error(w, "Method not allowed", http.StatusMethodNotAllowed)
+			return
+		}
+
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
+		if err := json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(metadata); err != nil {
+			http.Error(w, "Failed to encode metadata", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+			return
+		}
+	})
+}