Log MCPServer handler exceptions by kind and keep crash details off the wire (#3314)

Co-authored-by: Marcelo Trylesinski <marcelotryle@gmail.com>

docs/servers/handling-errors.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 # Handling errors
 
-A tool can fail in two ways, and the SDK treats them very differently.
+A tool can fail in three ways, and the SDK treats each differently.
 
-Raise an ordinary exception and the **model** sees it. Raise `MCPError` and the **protocol** sees it.
+Raise `ToolError` and the **model** sees your message. Raise `MCPError` and the **protocol** sees it. Raise anything else and it is a crash: the model learns only that the call failed, and your log gets the traceback.
 
 This page is about choosing.
 
@@ -10,11 +10,11 @@ This page is about choosing.
 
 Take a tool that looks something up, and let the lookup miss:
 
-```python title="server.py" hl_lines="11-12"
+```python title="server.py" hl_lines="2 12-13"
 --8<-- "docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial001.py"
 ```
 
-There is nothing MCP about those two lines. `get_author` raises a plain `ValueError`, the way any Python function would.
+`ToolError`, from `mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions`, is how a tool tells the model that something went wrong.
 
 Call it with a title that isn't in the catalog and look at the result:
 
@@ -25,13 +25,15 @@ result.structured_content  # None
 ```
 
 * The request **succeeded**. There is a result; nothing was raised at the caller.
-* `is_error` is `True`, and your exception's message (prefixed with the tool name) is in `content`, exactly where the model reads.
+* `is_error` is `True`, and your message (prefixed with the tool name) is in `content`, exactly where the model reads.
 * `structured_content` is `None`. A failed call has no return value to structure.
 
-This is a **tool error**, and it is the default for *any* exception your tool raises. It is also almost always what you want.
+This is a **tool error**, and it is almost always what you want.
 
 The model is the one calling your tool. It picked the arguments. So a tool error is a turn in the conversation: the model reads *"No book titled 'Nothing' in the catalog."*, realises it guessed the title wrong, and calls again with a better one. You wrote one `raise` and got a self-correcting agent.
 
+On the server, a `ToolError` is one `INFO` line in the log, with no traceback. You saw it coming, so there is nothing to investigate.
+
 !!! tip
     Never `return` an error message from a tool. A returned string has `is_error=False`, so to the
     model (and to every client UI) it looks like the tool worked and that string was the answer.
@@ -39,7 +41,7 @@ The model is the one calling your tool. It picked the arguments. So a tool error
 
 ## An error the model cannot fix
 
-Now swap `ValueError` for `MCPError`.
+Now swap `ToolError` for `MCPError`.
 
 ```python title="server.py" hl_lines="1 3 14"
 --8<-- "docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial002.py"
@@ -72,10 +74,10 @@ Now swap `ValueError` for `MCPError`.
 
 The two paths answer two different questions.
 
-* **Raise any exception** for a failure of *execution*: the thing your tool tried to do didn't work. The model chose the call, so the model should see the consequence and get a chance to recover. A misspelled title, an upstream API that timed out, a row that doesn't exist: all tool errors.
+* **Raise `ToolError`** for a failure of *execution*: the thing your tool tried to do didn't work. The model chose the call, so the model should see the consequence and get a chance to recover. A misspelled title, an upstream API that timed out, a row that doesn't exist: all tool errors.
 * **Raise `MCPError`** when the *request itself* should be rejected: the client is missing a capability your tool depends on, the server isn't in a state to serve anyone, the caller skipped a required step. No retry from the model fixes any of those, so there is nothing to gain from handing it the message.
 
-One question decides it: **could a smarter model have avoided this?** Yes -> ordinary exception. No -> `MCPError`.
+One question decides it: **could a smarter model have avoided this?** Yes -> `ToolError`. No -> `MCPError`.
 
 By that test, the second version of `get_author` made the wrong choice: a better title fixes it, so the model deserved to see the message. It's there to show you the mechanism, not to recommend it.
 
@@ -84,6 +86,25 @@ By that test, the second version of `get_author` made the wrong choice: a better
     `data` payload. Whatever you put in them is what the client receives: the SDK forwards a raised
     `MCPError` verbatim instead of sanitising it.
 
+## Any other exception
+
+Now take the check out and let the dictionary lookup fail on its own:
+
+```python title="server.py" hl_lines="11"
+--8<-- "docs_src/handling_errors/tutorial004.py"
+```
+
+`CATALOG[title]` raises `KeyError`. You didn't plan for it, so the SDK treats it as a crash:
+
+```python
+result.is_error  # True
+result.content   # [TextContent(text="Error executing tool get_author")]
+```
+
+The call still returns `is_error=True`, so the model knows it failed and can move on. What it doesn't get is the exception's text: a `KeyError` from your code, or a stack of SQL from a driver three libraries down, may describe your server's internals, so it never leaves the server.
+
+You get it instead. The server logs the crash at `ERROR` with the full traceback, as `Tool 'get_author' raised an unexpected exception`. A production log at `WARNING` therefore stays quiet through every `ToolError` and speaks up the moment something is actually broken.
+
 ## A resource that doesn't exist
 
 Resources draw the same line, and ship one named exception for the common case.
@@ -104,7 +125,7 @@ When it can't, raise `ResourceNotFoundError`. The SDK turns it into the protocol
 }
 ```
 
-Notice there is no `is_error=True` half-result here. A resource read either returns contents or fails: resources have only the protocol path. Templates and everything else about resources live in **[Resources](resources.md)**.
+Notice there is no `is_error=True` half-result here. A resource read either returns contents or fails: resources have only the protocol path. `ResourceError` is the same thing for a failure that isn't "not found" (`-32603`, your message), and both are one `INFO` line in your log. Any other exception bar `MCPError` is a crash: the client gets `-32603` naming only the URI, and the traceback goes to your log at `ERROR`. Templates and everything else about resources live in **[Resources](resources.md)**.
 
 ## Errors you never raise
 
@@ -115,19 +136,21 @@ Send `get_author` a `title` that isn't a string and the SDK rejects it against t
 It means a whole class of `raise` statements you don't write: don't re-validate your own type hints.
 
 !!! info
-    Everything on this page is what a **client** sees, and the in-memory `Client` you'll write
-    tests with sees exactly the same thing. Even `raise_exceptions=True` doesn't turn a tool error
-    back into a traceback: by the time that flag could act, your exception is already the
-    `is_error=True` result. Assert on the result. **[Testing](../get-started/testing.md)** covers the pattern.
+    Everything a **client** sees on this page, the in-memory `Client` you'll write tests with
+    sees too. Even `raise_exceptions=True` doesn't hand a failing
+    tool's exception back to the caller: by the time that flag could act, your exception is already
+    the `is_error=True` result. Assert on the result. If you need the traceback of a crash, it is in
+    the server's log, and pytest's `caplog` captures it. **[Testing](../get-started/testing.md)** covers the pattern.
 
 ## Recap
 
-* Raise **any exception** in a tool -> the call returns `is_error=True` with your message in `content`. The model reads it and can retry. This is the default.
+* Raise **`ToolError`** in a tool -> the call returns `is_error=True` with your message in `content`. The model reads it and can retry.
 * Raise **`MCPError`** -> the call itself fails with a JSON-RPC error. The model sees nothing; the host deals with it. `code`, `message`, and `data` survive intact.
-* The deciding question: *could a smarter model have avoided this?* Yes -> exception. No -> `MCPError`.
+* The deciding question: *could a smarter model have avoided this?* Yes -> `ToolError`. No -> `MCPError`.
+* Any **other exception** is a crash -> `is_error=True` with only `Error executing tool <name>` for the model, and an `ERROR` record with the traceback for you.
 * `ResourceNotFoundError` from a resource handler -> the protocol's `-32602`, with the URI in `data`.
 * Bad arguments are rejected against the schema before your function runs; you don't `raise` for those.
-* `from mcp import MCPError`; the error-code constants come from `mcp.types`.
+* Imports: `from mcp import MCPError`, `from mcp.server.mcpserver.exceptions import ToolError, ResourceError, ResourceNotFoundError`, and the error-code constants from `mcp.types`.
 
 Errors handled. That is everything a server *exposes*. What every handler can read, and do back to the client while it runs, is the next section: **[Inside your handler](../handlers/index.md)**.