Use a connection pool instead of a single DB connection (#408)

<!-- Provide a brief summary of your changes -->

## Motivation and Context
<!-- Why is this change needed? What problem does it solve? -->
The following PR should fix the recent "conn busy" issue caused by the
PostgreSQL implementation using a single database connection (*pgx.Conn)
instead of a connection pool (*pgxpool.Pool). When multiple concurrent
requests try to access the endpoint, they would conflict trying to use
the same connection.

## How Has This Been Tested?
<!-- Have you tested this in a real application? Which scenarios were
tested? -->
Builds locally

## Breaking Changes
<!-- Will users need to update their code or configurations? -->
No

## Types of changes
<!-- What types of changes does your code introduce? Put an `x` in all
the boxes that apply: -->
- [x] Bug fix (non-breaking change which fixes an issue)
- [ ] New feature (non-breaking change which adds functionality)
- [ ] Breaking change (fix or feature that would cause existing
functionality to change)
- [ ] Documentation update

## Checklist
<!-- Go over all the following points, and put an `x` in all the boxes
that apply. -->
- [ ] I have read the [MCP
Documentation](https://modelcontextprotocol.io)
- [ ] My code follows the repository's style guidelines
- [ ] New and existing tests pass locally
- [ ] I have added appropriate error handling
- [ ] I have added or updated documentation as needed

## Additional context
<!-- Add any other context, implementation notes, or design decisions
-->
Related to #400, #405 and #407

---------

Signed-off-by: Radoslav Dimitrov <radoslav@stacklok.com>

go.mod

@@ -32,6 +32,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/grafana/regexp v0.0.0-20240518133315-a468a5bfb3bc // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20240606120523-5a60cdf6a761 // indirect
+	github.com/jackc/puddle/v2 v2.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/munnerz/goautoneg v0.0.0-20191010083416-a7dc8b61c822 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
@@ -41,6 +42,7 @@ require (
 	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.37.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/crypto v0.41.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.16.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/sys v0.35.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/text v0.28.0 // indirect
 	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.6 // indirect

go.sum

@@ -61,8 +61,6 @@ github.com/rogpeppe/go-internal v1.13.1/go.mod h1:uMEvuHeurkdAXX61udpOXGD/AzZDWN
 github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1 h1:lZUw3E0/J3roVtGQ+SCrUrg3ON6NgVqpn3+iol9aGu4=
 github.com/santhosh-tekuri/jsonschema/v5 v5.3.1/go.mod h1:uToXkOrWAZ6/Oc07xWQrPOhJotwFIyu2bBVN41fcDUY=
 github.com/stretchr/objx v0.1.0/go.mod h1:HFkY916IF+rwdDfMAkV7OtwuqBVzrE8GR6GFx+wExME=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 h1:xuMeJ0Sdp5ZMRXx/aWO6RZxdr3beISkG5/G/aIRr3pY=
-github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2/go.mod h1:FRsXN1f5AsAjCGJKqEizvkpNtU+EGNCLh3NxZ/8L+MA=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.3.0/go.mod h1:M5WIy9Dh21IEIfnGCwXGc5bZfKNJtfHm1UVUgZn+9EI=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.10.0 h1:Xv5erBjTwe/5IxqUQTdXv5kgmIvbHo3QQyRwhJsOfJA=

internal/database/postgres.go

@@ -6,37 +6,58 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
 	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5"
+	"github.com/jackc/pgx/v5/pgxpool"
 	apiv0 "github.com/modelcontextprotocol/registry/pkg/api/v0"
 )
 
 // PostgreSQL is an implementation of the Database interface using PostgreSQL
 type PostgreSQL struct {
-	conn *pgx.Conn
+	pool *pgxpool.Pool
 }
 
 // NewPostgreSQL creates a new instance of the PostgreSQL database
 func NewPostgreSQL(ctx context.Context, connectionURI string) (*PostgreSQL, error) {
-	conn, err := pgx.Connect(ctx, connectionURI)
+	// Parse connection config for pool settings
+	config, err := pgxpool.ParseConfig(connectionURI)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to PostgreSQL: %w", err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse PostgreSQL config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Configure pool for stability-focused defaults
+	config.MaxConns = 30                      // Handle good concurrent load
+	config.MinConns = 5                       // Keep connections warm for fast response
+	config.MaxConnIdleTime = 30 * time.Minute // Keep connections available for bursts
+	config.MaxConnLifetime = 2 * time.Hour    // Refresh connections regularly for stability
+
+	// Create connection pool with configured settings
+	pool, err := pgxpool.NewWithConfig(ctx, config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create PostgreSQL pool: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	// Test the connection
-	if err = conn.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err = pool.Ping(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to ping PostgreSQL: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	// Run migrations
-	migrator := NewMigrator(conn)
+	// Run migrations using a single connection from the pool
+	conn, err := pool.Acquire(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to acquire connection for migrations: %w", err)
+	}
+	defer conn.Release()
+	
+	migrator := NewMigrator(conn.Conn())
 	if err := migrator.Migrate(ctx); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to run database migrations: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return &PostgreSQL{
-		conn: conn,
+		pool: pool,
 	}, nil
 }
 
@@ -120,7 +141,7 @@ func (db *PostgreSQL) List(
     `, whereClause, argIndex)
 	args = append(args, limit)
 
-	rows, err := db.conn.Query(ctx, query, args...)
+	rows, err := db.pool.Query(ctx, query, args...)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("failed to query servers: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -173,7 +194,7 @@ func (db *PostgreSQL) GetByID(ctx context.Context, id string) (*apiv0.ServerJSON
 
 	var valueJSON []byte
 
-	err := db.conn.QueryRow(ctx, query, id).Scan(&valueJSON)
+	err := db.pool.QueryRow(ctx, query, id).Scan(&valueJSON)
 
 	if err != nil {
 		if errors.Is(err, pgx.ErrNoRows) {
@@ -216,7 +237,7 @@ func (db *PostgreSQL) CreateServer(ctx context.Context, server *apiv0.ServerJSON
 		VALUES ($1, $2)
 	`
 
-	_, err = db.conn.Exec(ctx, query, id, valueJSON)
+	_, err = db.pool.Exec(ctx, query, id, valueJSON)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to insert server: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -248,7 +269,7 @@ func (db *PostgreSQL) UpdateServer(ctx context.Context, id string, server *apiv0
 		WHERE id = $2
 	`
 
-	result, err := db.conn.Exec(ctx, query, valueJSON, id)
+	result, err := db.pool.Exec(ctx, query, valueJSON, id)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to update server: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -262,5 +283,6 @@ func (db *PostgreSQL) UpdateServer(ctx context.Context, id string, server *apiv0
 
 // Close closes the database connection
 func (db *PostgreSQL) Close() error {
-	return db.conn.Close(context.Background())
+	db.pool.Close()
+	return nil
 }