fix: return protocol errors for invalid arguments and server errors

Per the MCP spec, invalid arguments and server errors are protocol
errors (JSON-RPC error responses), not tool execution errors
(isError: true). PR #165 moved all error cases to isError: true,
and PR #231 only restored protocol errors for unknown tools.

This fixes the remaining two cases: invalid arguments (-32602) and
server errors (-32603).

Ref: https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/2024-11-05/server/tools#error-handling

lib/mcp/server.rb

@@ -316,13 +316,12 @@ module MCP
           add_instrumentation_data(client: client) if client
 
           result
+        rescue RequestHandlerError => e
+          report_exception(e.original_error || e, { request: request })
+          add_instrumentation_data(error: e.error_type)
+          raise e
         rescue => e
           report_exception(e, { request: request })
-          if e.is_a?(RequestHandlerError)
-            add_instrumentation_data(error: e.error_type)
-            raise e
-          end
-
           add_instrumentation_data(error: :internal_error)
           raise RequestHandlerError.new("Internal error handling #{method} request", request, original_error: e)
         end
@@ -421,7 +420,7 @@ module MCP
         add_instrumentation_data(error: :missing_required_arguments)
 
         missing = tool.input_schema.missing_required_arguments(arguments).join(", ")
-        return error_tool_response("Missing required arguments: #{missing}")
+        raise RequestHandlerError.new("Missing required arguments: #{missing}", request, error_type: :invalid_params)
       end
 
       if configuration.validate_tool_call_arguments && tool.input_schema
@@ -430,7 +429,7 @@ module MCP
         rescue Tool::InputSchema::ValidationError => e
           add_instrumentation_data(error: :invalid_schema)
 
-          return error_tool_response(e.message)
+          raise RequestHandlerError.new(e.message, request, error_type: :invalid_params)
         end
       end
 
@@ -440,9 +439,12 @@ module MCP
     rescue RequestHandlerError
       raise
     rescue => e
-      report_exception(e, request: request)
+      raise RequestHandlerError.new(
-
+        "Internal error calling tool #{tool_name}: #{e.message}",
-      error_tool_response("Internal error calling tool #{tool_name}: #{e.message}")
+        request,
+        error_type: :internal_error,
+        original_error: e,
+      )
     end
 
     def list_prompts(request)

test/mcp/server_context_test.rb

@@ -199,7 +199,7 @@ module MCP
         response[:result][:content][0][:content]
     end
 
-    test "tool with required server_context fails when server has no context" do
+    test "tool with required server_context returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format when server has no context" do
       server_no_context = Server.new(
         name: "test_server_no_context",
         tools: [ToolWithRequiredContext],
@@ -217,10 +217,10 @@ module MCP
 
       response = server_no_context.handle(request)
 
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32603, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_equal "text", response[:result][:content][0][:type]
+      assert_equal "Internal error", response[:error][:message]
-      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_with_required_context: /, response[:result][:content][0][:text])
+      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_with_required_context: /, response[:error][:data])
     end
 
     test "call_tool_with_args correctly detects server_context parameter presence" do

test/mcp/server_test.rb

@@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ module MCP
       assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: tool_name, tool_arguments: tool_args })
     end
 
-    test "#handle tools/call returns error response with isError true if required tool arguments are missing" do
+    test "#handle tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format if required tool arguments are missing" do
       tool_with_required_argument = Tool.define(
         name: "test_tool",
         title: "Test tool",
@@ -336,10 +336,10 @@ module MCP
 
       response = server.handle(request)
 
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32602, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_equal "text", response[:result][:content][0][:type]
+      assert_equal "Invalid params", response[:error][:message]
-      assert_equal "Missing required arguments: message", response[:result][:content][0][:text]
+      assert_includes response[:error][:data], "Missing required arguments: message"
     end
 
     test "#handle_json tools/call executes tool and returns result" do
@@ -407,17 +407,7 @@ module MCP
       assert_equal({ content: [{ type: "text", content: "OK" }], isError: false }, response[:result])
     end
 
-    test "#handle tools/call returns error response with isError true if the tool raises an error" do
+    test "#handle tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format if the tool raises an uncaught exception" do
-      @server.configuration.exception_reporter.expects(:call).with do |exception, server_context|
-        assert_not_nil exception
-        assert_equal(
-          {
-            request: { name: "tool_that_raises", arguments: { message: "test" } },
-          },
-          server_context,
-        )
-      end
-
       request = {
         jsonrpc: "2.0",
         method: "tools/call",
@@ -428,13 +418,18 @@ module MCP
         id: 1,
       }
 
+      @server.configuration.exception_reporter.expects(:call).with do |exception, server_context|
+        refute_kind_of MCP::Server::RequestHandlerError, exception
+        assert_equal({ request: request }, server_context)
+      end
+
       response = @server.handle(request)
 
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32603, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_equal "text", response[:result][:content][0][:type]
+      assert_equal "Internal error", response[:error][:message]
-      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_that_raises: /, response[:result][:content][0][:text])
+      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_that_raises: /, response[:error][:data])
-      assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: "tool_that_raises", tool_arguments: { message: "test" } })
+      assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: "tool_that_raises", tool_arguments: { message: "test" }, error: :internal_error })
     end
 
     test "registers tools with the same class name in different namespaces" do
@@ -475,7 +470,7 @@ module MCP
       MESSAGE
     end
 
-    test "#handle_json returns error response with isError true if the tool raises an error" do
+    test "#handle_json returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format if the tool raises an uncaught exception" do
       request = JSON.generate({
         jsonrpc: "2.0",
         method: "tools/call",
@@ -487,14 +482,14 @@ module MCP
       })
 
       response = JSON.parse(@server.handle_json(request), symbolize_names: true)
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32603, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_equal "text", response[:result][:content][0][:type]
+      assert_equal "Internal error", response[:error][:message]
-      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_that_raises: /, response[:result][:content][0][:text])
+      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_that_raises: /, response[:error][:data])
-      assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: "tool_that_raises", tool_arguments: { message: "test" } })
+      assert_instrumentation_data({ method: "tools/call", tool_name: "tool_that_raises", tool_arguments: { message: "test" }, error: :internal_error })
     end
 
-    test "#handle tools/call returns error response with isError true if input_schema raises an error during validation" do
+    test "#handle tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format if input_schema raises an error during validation" do
       tool = Tool.define(
         name: "tool_with_faulty_schema",
         title: "Tool with faulty schema",
@@ -518,10 +513,10 @@ module MCP
 
       response = server.handle(request)
 
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32603, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_equal "text", response[:result][:content][0][:type]
+      assert_equal "Internal error", response[:error][:message]
-      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_with_faulty_schema: Unexpected schema error/, response[:result][:content][0][:text])
+      assert_match(/Internal error calling tool tool_with_faulty_schema: Unexpected schema error/, response[:error][:data])
     end
 
     test "#handle tools/call returns JSON-RPC error for unknown tool" do
@@ -1310,7 +1305,7 @@ module MCP
       refute response[:result].key?(:instructions)
     end
 
-    test "tools/call handles missing arguments field" do
+    test "tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format for missing arguments" do
       server = Server.new(
         tools: [TestTool],
         configuration: Configuration.new(validate_tool_call_arguments: true),
@@ -1329,12 +1324,13 @@ module MCP
 
       assert_equal "2.0", response[:jsonrpc]
       assert_equal 1, response[:id]
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32602, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_includes response[:result][:content][0][:text], "Missing required arguments"
+      assert_equal "Invalid params", response[:error][:message]
+      assert_includes response[:error][:data], "Missing required arguments"
     end
 
-    test "tools/call validates arguments against input schema when validate_tool_call_arguments is true" do
+    test "tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format for invalid arguments when validate_tool_call_arguments is true" do
       server = Server.new(
         tools: [TestTool],
         configuration: Configuration.new(validate_tool_call_arguments: true),
@@ -1354,9 +1350,10 @@ module MCP
 
       assert_equal "2.0", response[:jsonrpc]
       assert_equal 1, response[:id]
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32602, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_includes response[:result][:content][0][:text], "Invalid arguments"
+      assert_equal "Invalid params", response[:error][:message]
+      assert_includes response[:error][:data], "Invalid arguments"
     end
 
     test "tools/call skips argument validation when validate_tool_call_arguments is false" do
@@ -1441,7 +1438,7 @@ module MCP
       assert_equal "OK", response[:result][:content][0][:content]
     end
 
-    test "tools/call disallows additional properties when additionalProperties set to false" do
+    test "tools/call returns protocol error in JSON-RPC format when additionalProperties set to false" do
       server = Server.new(
         tools: [TestToolWithAdditionalPropertiesSetToFalse],
         configuration: Configuration.new(validate_tool_call_arguments: true),
@@ -1464,9 +1461,10 @@ module MCP
 
       assert_equal "2.0", response[:jsonrpc]
       assert_equal 1, response[:id]
-      assert_nil response[:error], "Expected no JSON-RPC error"
+      assert_nil response[:result]
-      assert response[:result][:isError]
+      assert_equal(-32602, response[:error][:code])
-      assert_includes response[:result][:content][0][:text], "Invalid arguments"
+      assert_equal "Invalid params", response[:error][:message]
+      assert_includes response[:error][:data], "Invalid arguments"
     end
 
     test "#handle completion/complete returns default completion result" do