Serve the subscriptions/listen notification stream per SEP-2575

## Motivation and Context

Companion to the stateless lifecycle work (SEP-2575, modelcontextprotocol/modelcontextprotocol#2575) for
the 2026-07-28 MCP spec release. The modern lifecycle removed the HTTP GET listening stream;
`subscriptions/listen` replaces it as a long-lived POST that opts in to server change notifications.
The Python SDK ships the server side of this as its SEP-2575 event-bus work (python-sdk PR /modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk#3035);
the TypeScript SDK landed it in PR modelcontextprotocol/typescript-sdk#2321.

Wire behavior, per the draft schema:

- The request carries a REQUIRED `notifications` filter (`SubscriptionFilter`): `toolsListChanged`,
  `promptsListChanged`, `resourcesListChanged`, and `resourceSubscriptions` (URI list, replacing
  the legacy `resources/subscribe` RPC). Every type is opt-in; the server MUST NOT send types
  the client did not request.
- The first stream message is `notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged`, reporting the subset of
  requested types the server agreed to honor. Honoring reads the capability FLAGS that promise delivery
  (`listChanged`, `subscribe`), the same derivation `server/discover` uses for its era-aware capability stripping;
  the mere presence of a primitive's capability is not enough.
- Every notification delivered on the stream carries the correlating `io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId`
  (the listen request id) in `_meta`.
- A graceful teardown (transport `close`) sends a `SubscriptionsListenResult` response before closing the stream,
  stamped with the REQUIRED 2026-07-28 `resultType` at its construction site (it never passes through the dispatch path);
  an abrupt disconnect sends nothing.

Implementation:

- `StreamableHTTPTransport` intercepts `subscriptions/listen` on the modern path (after header and envelope validation)
  and serves it as a long-lived SSE stream, using the same register-and-return body proc pattern as the legacy GET stream.
  Subscriptions live in an in-process registry keyed by the listen request id; fan-out hooks into `send_notification` ahead of
  the legacy delivery, so a resource updated by one session's tool call also reaches modern subscribers.
  The matching snapshot is taken under the transport mutex, but stream writes happen outside it,
  matching the legacy delivery paths: a slow or stalled subscriber must not block the transport.
  Duplicate subscription ids close the new stream instead of double-registering.
- Concurrent listen streams are capped (`max_listen_subscriptions:`, default 1000, `nil` to opt out);
  a listen request past the cap is rejected with HTTP 503, like the `max_sessions` guard against session floods.
  Each stream holds an open connection for its lifetime, so without a bound an unauthenticated client can retain
  unbounded connections.
- Each stream is kept alive by an SSE comment frame written every `listen_keepalive_interval:` seconds
  (default 15, matching the TypeScript SDK; `nil` to opt out when an upstream proxy pings the stream).
  A silently dropped connection would otherwise hold its capped slot until the next fan-out write failed,
  so on a quiet server the cap would ratchet down permanently; the periodic write detects the dead peer
  and frees the slot. A comment frame cannot corrupt an interleaved notification's JSON, and the write
  happens outside the transport mutex, reusing the legacy GET stream's keepalive mechanism.
- Every SSE response now carries `x-accel-buffering: no`, which the spec asks of SSE streams and both
  reference SDKs send: a buffering reverse proxy would hold events back instead of delivering them as
  they are written, and on a listen stream it would also swallow the keepalive frames a dropped peer
  is detected by. The header rides the shared `SSE_HEADERS`, so the legacy streams gain it too.
- stdio does not serve the stream, matching the Python SDK's stream-pair behavior: no server handler is registered,
  so the method answers `-32601`.
- `Server#discover` becomes era-aware about notification delivery: `listChanged`/`subscribe` capability flags
  promise delivery over `subscriptions/listen` streams in the modern lifecycle, so they are stripped when
  the transport does not serve that RPC (the new `Transport#serves_subscriptions_listen?` seam, true for `StreamableHTTPTransport`).
- The conformance fixture defines the diagnostic triggers the `server-stateless` scenario calls
  (`test_trigger_tool_change` / `test_trigger_prompt_change`): each broadcasts its list-changed notification
  to the listen streams and returns, mirroring the suite's TypeScript reference fixture, which mutates nothing either.

Out of scope, noted for follow-ups: an external event bus for multi-worker deployments, and the client-side listen driver
(the Python reference is python-sdk PR modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk#3047).

Refs #389.

## How Has This Been Tested?

New tests in `test/mcp/server/transports/streamable_http_transport_test.rb` cover:
the SSE response with the acknowledgement as the first event (including the honored-subset reduction for unsupported types and
for capability entries lacking the delivery flag), the `notifications` filter and envelope requirements (400 responses),
opt-in-only delivery with the correlating `subscriptionId`, URI-scoped `resources/updated` delivery, per-subscription ids across
concurrent streams, the graceful close result carrying `resultType: "complete"`, duplicate-id rejection, the 503 past
the concurrent stream cap, the keepalive (writing the comment frame outside the mutex, freeing a dead peer's slot,
no thread when the interval is `nil`, and the positive-or-nil interval validation), and `x-accel-buffering: no`
on both the listen stream and the legacy GET stream.
`test/mcp/server/transports/stdio_transport_test.rb` asserts `-32601` over stdio,
and `test/mcp/server_test.rb` covers the era-aware capability stripping in `server/discover` for both transport kinds.

`bundle exec rake` (tests, RuboCop, and conformance baseline) passes.

Against the conformance fixture server at `--spec-version 2026-07-28`, the `server-stateless` subscription checks
all report SUCCESS: the acknowledgement, `subscriptionId` tagging, and filter-containment MUSTs, plus both
list-changed SHOULD checks driven by the new trigger tools. The `--requirements 2025-11-25` server leg
passes 78/78, unchanged.

## Breaking Changes

None. The method was previously unhandled (`-32601` everywhere); the only observable change to existing responses is that
`server/discover` no longer advertises `listChanged`/`subscribe` flags on transports that cannot deliver those notifications in
the modern lifecycle, which `server/discover` has not shipped in a gem release with anyway.
This commit is contained in:
Koichi ITO 2026-08-08 18:53:28 +09:00
commit c40aa9cc59
10 changed files with 719 additions and 4 deletions

View file

@ -54,6 +54,13 @@ It implements the Model Context Protocol specification, handling model context r
and the Streamable HTTP transport serves them on a sessionless single-exchange path. On the client, `MCP::Client#connect` negotiates
the lifecycle automatically by default (probe `server/discover`, fall back to the `initialize` handshake), `connect(mode: :modern)` skips
the handshake entirely, `connect(mode: :legacy)` forces the classic handshake, and `MCP::Client#discover` exposes the raw discovery result
- `subscriptions/listen` - Long-lived notification subscription stream (MCP 2026-07-28, SEP-2575), replacing the legacy HTTP GET listening stream:
the client opts in via the `notifications` filter (`toolsListChanged` / `promptsListChanged` / `resourcesListChanged` / `resourceSubscriptions`),
the server acknowledges the honored subset with `notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged` as the first stream message,
and every delivered notification carries the correlating `io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId` in `_meta`. Served on the Streamable HTTP modern path;
stdio answers `-32601`. Concurrent streams are capped by `max_listen_subscriptions:` (default 1000), and each stream receives an SSE keepalive
comment frame every `listen_keepalive_interval:` seconds (default 15) so a dropped connection frees its slot; pass `listen_keepalive_interval: nil`
when an upstream proxy already keeps the stream alive
- Multi round-trip `input_required` results (MCP 2026-07-28, SEP-2322): a `tools/call`, `prompts/get`, or `resources/read` handler that
opts in to `server_context:` may return `MCP::Server::InputRequiredResult.new(input_requests:, request_state:)` to ask the client for
additional input (`elicitation/create`, `sampling/createMessage`, or `roots/list` shapes) instead of performing a server-initiated request,

View file

@ -633,6 +633,34 @@ module Conformance
end
end
end
class TestTriggerToolChange < MCP::Tool
tool_name "test_trigger_tool_change"
description "A diagnostic tool that broadcasts notifications/tools/list_changed to listen streams (SEP-2575)"
class << self
# The broadcast alone exercises the `subscriptions/listen` delivery, so no actual
# tool-list mutation is needed, matching the suite's TypeScript reference fixture.
def call(server_context:, **_args)
server_context.notify_tools_list_changed
MCP::Tool::Response.new([MCP::Content::Text.new("Mutation triggered").to_h])
end
end
end
class TestTriggerPromptChange < MCP::Tool
tool_name "test_trigger_prompt_change"
description "A diagnostic tool that broadcasts notifications/prompts/list_changed to listen streams (SEP-2575)"
class << self
def call(server_context:, **_args)
server_context.notify_prompts_list_changed
MCP::Tool::Response.new([MCP::Content::Text.new("Mutation triggered").to_h])
end
end
end
end
module Prompts
@ -872,6 +900,8 @@ module Conformance
Tools::TestInputRequiredResultCapabilities,
Tools::TestStreamingElicitation,
Tools::TestLoggingTool,
Tools::TestTriggerToolChange,
Tools::TestTriggerPromptChange,
],
prompts: [
Prompts::TestSimplePrompt,

View file

@ -7,6 +7,10 @@ module MCP
LOGGING_SET_LEVEL = "logging/setLevel"
# Sessionless capability discovery (MCP 2026-07-28 draft, SEP-2575).
SERVER_DISCOVER = "server/discover"
# Long-lived notification subscription stream (MCP 2026-07-28, SEP-2575),
# replacing the legacy HTTP GET listening stream. Served at the transport layer
# (Streamable HTTP modern path); transports without streaming support answer `-32601`.
SUBSCRIPTIONS_LISTEN = "subscriptions/listen"
PROMPTS_GET = "prompts/get"
PROMPTS_LIST = "prompts/list"
@ -50,6 +54,9 @@ module MCP
NOTIFICATIONS_PROGRESS = "notifications/progress"
NOTIFICATIONS_CANCELLED = "notifications/cancelled"
NOTIFICATIONS_ELICITATION_COMPLETE = "notifications/elicitation/complete"
# First message on a `subscriptions/listen` stream (SEP-2575): reports the subset
# of requested notification types the server agreed to honor.
NOTIFICATIONS_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ACKNOWLEDGED = "notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged"
class MissingRequiredCapabilityError < StandardError
attr_reader :method

View file

@ -16,6 +16,10 @@ module MCP
# Optional per-request log level, replacing the `logging/setLevel` RPC in the modern lifecycle.
# Deprecated as of 2026-07-28 (SEP-2577) but still part of the wire format.
LOG_LEVEL_META_KEY = "io.modelcontextprotocol/logLevel"
# Notification-side reserved key (SEP-2575): correlates a notification delivered on
# a `subscriptions/listen` stream (and the stream's closing result) with the JSON-RPC id of
# the `subscriptions/listen` request that opened it. Not part of the request envelope triple.
SUBSCRIPTION_ID_META_KEY = "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId"
# Result-side counterpart of the request envelope: the server's identity rides in
# the result's `_meta` as an optional stamp, not as a top-level field, since the SEP was

View file

@ -867,7 +867,7 @@ module MCP
def discover(_request)
{
supportedVersions: Configuration::SUPPORTED_MODERN_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS,
capabilities: capabilities,
capabilities: discover_capabilities,
instructions: instructions,
_meta: { RequestEnvelope::SERVER_INFO_META_KEY => server_info },
}.compact.merge(
@ -879,6 +879,21 @@ module MCP
)
end
# Capabilities as advertised by `server/discover`. In the modern lifecycle, `listChanged` and `subscribe` flags
# promise delivery over `subscriptions/listen` streams, so they are stripped when the transport does not serve that RPC
# (e.g. stdio), matching the Python SDK's era-aware capability derivation.
def discover_capabilities
return capabilities if @transport.respond_to?(:serves_subscriptions_listen?) && @transport.serves_subscriptions_listen?
capabilities.each_with_object({}) do |(name, value), stripped|
stripped[name] = if value.is_a?(Hash)
value.reject { |flag, _| ["listChanged", "subscribe"].include?(flag.to_s) }
else
value
end
end
end
def configure_logging_level(request, session: nil)
if capabilities[:logging].nil?
raise RequestHandlerError.new("Server does not support logging", request, error_type: :internal_error)

View file

@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
# frozen_string_literal: true
require "json"
require_relative "../../result_type"
require_relative "../../transport"
# This file is autoloaded only when `StreamableHTTPTransport` is referenced,
@ -18,10 +19,16 @@ module MCP
class StreamableHTTPTransport < Transport
class InvalidJsonError < StandardError; end
# `x-accel-buffering: no` tells reverse proxies (nginx and friends) not to buffer the response,
# which the spec asks of every SSE stream: a buffering proxy holds events back instead of
# delivering them as they are written, and on a long-lived `subscriptions/listen` stream that
# also swallows the keepalive frames a dropped peer would otherwise be detected by.
# The TypeScript and Python SDKs send it on their SSE responses for the same reason.
SSE_HEADERS = {
"content-type" => "text/event-stream",
"cache-control" => "no-cache",
"connection" => "keep-alive",
"x-accel-buffering" => "no",
}.freeze
# Secure defaults for stateful mode. Without a finite idle timeout, sessions live until an explicit client DELETE,
@ -35,6 +42,12 @@ module MCP
DEFAULT_SESSION_IDLE_TIMEOUT = 1800
DEFAULT_MAX_SESSIONS = 10_000
# Cap on concurrent `subscriptions/listen` streams (SEP-2575). Each stream holds an open SSE connection
# for its lifetime, so without a bound an unauthenticated client can retain unbounded connections,
# like the session-flood case `DEFAULT_MAX_SESSIONS` guards. A listen request past the cap is rejected with HTTP 503;
# pass `max_listen_subscriptions: nil` to opt out.
DEFAULT_MAX_LISTEN_SUBSCRIPTIONS = 1_000
# Distinguishes "argument omitted, apply the secure default" from an explicit `nil` (opt out of expiry).
UNSET_IDLE_TIMEOUT = Object.new.freeze
private_constant :UNSET_IDLE_TIMEOUT
@ -58,6 +71,13 @@ module MCP
# the same non-delivery degradation they have on every other undeliverable path.
MAX_MODERN_REQUEST_NOTIFICATIONS = 1_000
# Interval in seconds between SSE keepalive comment frames on a `subscriptions/listen` stream.
# Without them a silently dropped connection holds its slot until the next fan-out write fails,
# so on a quiet server a dead peer would occupy a `max_listen_subscriptions` slot indefinitely.
# The periodic write detects the dead peer and frees the slot. Matches the TypeScript SDK's
# 15-second default; pass `listen_keepalive_interval: nil` when an upstream proxy pings the stream.
DEFAULT_LISTEN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL = 15
# Creates a Streamable HTTP transport that can be mounted as a Rack app.
#
# @param server [MCP::Server] the server whose requests this transport dispatches.
@ -87,6 +107,13 @@ module MCP
# ownership is not enforced.
# @param max_request_bytes [Integer] upper bound in bytes on a POST request body; larger
# requests are rejected with HTTP 413. Defaults to 4 MiB.
# @param max_listen_subscriptions [Integer, nil] cap on concurrent `subscriptions/listen`
# streams; a listen request past the cap is rejected with HTTP 503, and `nil` disables
# the cap.
# @param listen_keepalive_interval [Numeric, nil] seconds between SSE keepalive comment frames
# on a `subscriptions/listen` stream; the periodic write frees the stream's slot when the peer
# has gone away. Defaults to `DEFAULT_LISTEN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL` (15); pass `nil` to disable
# when an upstream proxy already keeps the stream alive.
def initialize(
server,
stateless: false,
@ -97,7 +124,9 @@ module MCP
allowed_hosts: nil,
dns_rebinding_protection: true,
session_request_validator: nil,
max_request_bytes: DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_BYTES
max_request_bytes: DEFAULT_MAX_REQUEST_BYTES,
max_listen_subscriptions: DEFAULT_MAX_LISTEN_SUBSCRIPTIONS,
listen_keepalive_interval: DEFAULT_LISTEN_KEEPALIVE_INTERVAL
)
super(server)
# Maps `session_id` to `{ get_sse_stream: stream_object, server_session: ServerSession, last_active_at: float_from_monotonic_clock, origin: origin_header }`.
@ -114,6 +143,11 @@ module MCP
@allowed_origins = Array(allowed_origins).map(&:downcase).freeze
@pending_responses = {}
# Maps a `subscriptions/listen` request id to `{ stream: stream_object, filter: honored_subscription_filter }` (SEP-2575).
# In-process only; a multi-worker deployment needs an external event bus to fan notifications out across processes,
# which is a follow-up.
@listen_subscriptions = {}
# Maps a modern request's ephemeral session id to the Array collecting the notifications its handler emits;
# `handle_modern` registers the sink and flushes it as SSE frames ahead of the final response (SEP-2575).
@modern_request_sinks = {}
@ -147,6 +181,18 @@ module MCP
@max_request_bytes = max_request_bytes
if !max_listen_subscriptions.nil? && !(max_listen_subscriptions.is_a?(Integer) && max_listen_subscriptions > 0)
raise ArgumentError, "max_listen_subscriptions must be a positive Integer or nil"
end
@max_listen_subscriptions = max_listen_subscriptions
if !listen_keepalive_interval.nil? && !(listen_keepalive_interval.is_a?(Numeric) && listen_keepalive_interval > 0)
raise ArgumentError, "listen_keepalive_interval must be a positive number or nil"
end
@listen_keepalive_interval = listen_keepalive_interval
start_reaper_thread if @session_idle_timeout
end
@ -163,6 +209,15 @@ module MCP
# JSON-RPC methods whose target name is mirrored into the `Mcp-Name` header (SEP-2575).
NAME_BEARING_METHODS = [Methods::TOOLS_CALL, Methods::RESOURCES_READ, Methods::PROMPTS_GET].freeze
# Maps broadcast notification methods to the `SubscriptionFilter` field that opts in to them on
# a `subscriptions/listen` stream (SEP-2575). `notifications/resources/updated` is matched by URI
# against `resourceSubscriptions` instead.
LISTEN_FILTER_FIELDS = {
Methods::NOTIFICATIONS_TOOLS_LIST_CHANGED => :toolsListChanged,
Methods::NOTIFICATIONS_PROMPTS_LIST_CHANGED => :promptsListChanged,
Methods::NOTIFICATIONS_RESOURCES_LIST_CHANGED => :resourcesListChanged,
}.freeze
# JSON-RPC error codes that surface as HTTP 400 on the modern path. `-32601` maps to 404
# (disambiguating an unknown method from a legacy HTTP+SSE 404) and everything else, including internal errors,
# stays 200, matching the Python SDK's status ladder.
@ -180,6 +235,12 @@ module MCP
handle_request(Rack::Request.new(env))
end
# The `subscriptions/listen` notification stream (SEP-2575) is served on the modern path,
# so `Server#discover` may advertise `listChanged`/`subscribe` capability flags.
def serves_subscriptions_listen?
true
end
def handle_request(request)
rebinding_error = validate_dns_rebinding(request)
return rebinding_error if rebinding_error
@ -235,6 +296,8 @@ module MCP
@reaper_thread&.kill
@reaper_thread = nil
teardown_listen_subscriptions
removed_sessions = @mutex.synchronize do
@sessions.each_key.filter_map { |session_id| cleanup_session_unsafe(session_id) }
end
@ -246,6 +309,12 @@ module MCP
end
def send_notification(method, params = nil, session_id: nil, related_request_id: nil)
# `subscriptions/listen` streams (SEP-2575) receive matching change notifications regardless of the delivery below:
# a resource updated by one session's tool call changed globally, so modern subscribers hear about it too.
# Runs before the per-request sink and the stateless guard because the listen registry does not depend on sessions,
# and a sink capturing the notification for its own response stream must not hide it from other subscriptions.
deliver_to_listen_subscriptions(method, params)
notification = {
jsonrpc: "2.0",
method: method,
@ -588,6 +657,10 @@ module MCP
mismatch_error = validate_modern_headers(request, body, header_version)
return mismatch_error if mismatch_error
# `subscriptions/listen` is a long-lived notification stream served at the transport layer;
# it never dispatches through `Server#handle`.
return handle_subscriptions_listen(body) if body[:method] == Methods::SUBSCRIPTIONS_LISTEN
session = modern_session
notifications = @mutex.synchronize { @modern_request_sinks[session.session_id] = [] }
begin
@ -677,6 +750,253 @@ module MCP
nil
end
# Serves `subscriptions/listen` (SEP-2575): opens a long-lived SSE stream whose first message is
# `notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged` with the subset of requested notification types
# the server agreed to honor. Notifications delivered on the stream carry `io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId`
# (= the listen request id) in `_meta`. A graceful teardown (transport `close`) sends a `SubscriptionsListenResult`
# response; an abrupt disconnect sends nothing. A keepalive comment frame is written every
# `listen_keepalive_interval` seconds so a dropped connection frees its slot.
def handle_subscriptions_listen(body)
request_id = body[:id]
params = body[:params]
# A listen frame without an id could never receive stream teardown correlation.
unless request_id
return invalid_request_response("Invalid Request: subscriptions/listen requires an id")
end
begin
if RequestEnvelope.modern?(params)
RequestEnvelope.parse!(params, request: params)
else
return invalid_request_response("Invalid Request: modern requests require the SEP-2575 `_meta` envelope")
end
rescue Server::RequestHandlerError => e
return json_rpc_error_response(
status: 400,
code: e.error_code || JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::INVALID_REQUEST,
message: e.message,
data: e.error_data,
id: request_id,
)
end
filter = params[:notifications]
unless filter.is_a?(Hash)
return json_rpc_error_response(
status: 400,
code: JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::INVALID_PARAMS,
message: "Invalid params: subscriptions/listen requires a `notifications` filter object",
id: request_id,
)
end
# Best-effort cap check before committing to the SSE response; the registration inside
# `listen_sse_body` re-checks atomically for the race between two concurrent listens
# crossing the cap together.
if listen_subscriptions_full?
return too_many_listen_subscriptions_response(request_id)
end
[200, SSE_HEADERS.dup, listen_sse_body(request_id, honored_filter(filter))]
end
def listen_subscriptions_full?
return false unless @max_listen_subscriptions
@mutex.synchronize { @listen_subscriptions.size >= @max_listen_subscriptions }
end
def too_many_listen_subscriptions_response(request_id)
json_rpc_error_response(
status: 503,
code: JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::INTERNAL_ERROR,
message: "Service unavailable: maximum concurrent subscriptions/listen streams (#{@max_listen_subscriptions}) reached",
id: request_id,
)
end
# The proc registers the stream and returns, leaving the response open like
# the legacy GET stream (`create_sse_body`).
def listen_sse_body(request_id, honored)
proc do |stream|
rejected = false
@mutex.synchronize do
if @listen_subscriptions.key?(request_id) ||
(@max_listen_subscriptions && @listen_subscriptions.size >= @max_listen_subscriptions)
rejected = true
else
@listen_subscriptions[request_id] = { stream: stream, filter: honored }
end
end
if rejected
close_stream_safely(stream)
else
acknowledgement = {
jsonrpc: "2.0",
method: Methods::NOTIFICATIONS_SUBSCRIPTIONS_ACKNOWLEDGED,
params: {
notifications: honored,
_meta: { RequestEnvelope::SUBSCRIPTION_ID_META_KEY.to_sym => request_id },
},
}
begin
send_to_stream(stream, acknowledgement)
start_listen_keepalive_thread(request_id)
rescue *STREAM_WRITE_ERRORS
remove_listen_subscription(request_id)
close_stream_safely(stream)
end
end
end
end
# Periodically writes an SSE keepalive comment frame to a listen stream so a silently dropped
# connection is detected and its slot freed, rather than held until the next fan-out write.
# Mirrors the legacy GET stream's `start_keepalive_thread`; a comment frame (not a data frame)
# cannot corrupt an interleaved notification's JSON.
def start_listen_keepalive_thread(request_id)
return unless @listen_keepalive_interval
Thread.new do
while listen_subscription_active?(request_id)
sleep(@listen_keepalive_interval)
send_listen_keepalive_ping(request_id)
end
rescue *STREAM_WRITE_ERRORS
# The peer went away; the ensure frees the slot. A dropped listen stream is the normal
# way this loop ends, so it is not reported.
rescue StandardError => e
MCP.configuration.exception_reporter.call(e, { subscription_id: request_id })
ensure
stream = @mutex.synchronize do
subscription = @listen_subscriptions.delete(request_id)
subscription && subscription[:stream]
end
close_stream_safely(stream) if stream
end
end
def listen_subscription_active?(request_id)
@mutex.synchronize { @listen_subscriptions.key?(request_id) }
end
# Resolves the stream under the lock, then writes outside it so a stalled reader cannot block
# every other subscription on `@mutex`. A write error propagates to end the keepalive loop.
def send_listen_keepalive_ping(request_id)
stream = @mutex.synchronize do
subscription = @listen_subscriptions[request_id]
subscription && subscription[:stream]
end
return unless stream
send_ping_to_stream(stream)
end
# Per SEP-2575, the server MUST NOT send notification types the client has not requested,
# and the acknowledgement only includes types the server actually supports
# (derived from its declared capabilities).
def honored_filter(filter)
capabilities = @server.capabilities
honored = {}
honored[:toolsListChanged] = true if filter[:toolsListChanged] && capability_flag?(capabilities, :tools, :listChanged)
honored[:promptsListChanged] = true if filter[:promptsListChanged] && capability_flag?(capabilities, :prompts, :listChanged)
honored[:resourcesListChanged] = true if filter[:resourcesListChanged] && capability_flag?(capabilities, :resources, :listChanged)
subscriptions = filter[:resourceSubscriptions]
if capability_flag?(capabilities, :resources, :subscribe) && subscriptions.is_a?(Array) && !subscriptions.empty?
honored[:resourceSubscriptions] = subscriptions
end
honored
end
# Reads a nested capability flag tolerating both symbol and string keys, since user-supplied capability hashes arrive
# in either form. The flag that promises delivery (`listChanged` / `subscribe`) decides honoring, the same derivation
# `Server#discover` uses for its era-aware capability stripping; the mere presence of the primitive's capability is not enough.
def capability_flag?(capabilities, name, flag)
value = capabilities[name] || capabilities[name.to_s]
return false unless value.is_a?(Hash)
!!(value[flag] || value[flag.to_s])
end
# Fans a notification out to every `subscriptions/listen` stream whose honored filter opted in to it,
# stamping the correlating `subscriptionId` into `_meta`. Matching against the honored filter
# (not the requested one) enforces the MUST NOT-send-unrequested-types rule.
def deliver_to_listen_subscriptions(method, params)
field = LISTEN_FILTER_FIELDS[method]
return if field.nil? && method != Methods::NOTIFICATIONS_RESOURCES_UPDATED
# The matching snapshot is taken under `@mutex`, but stream writes happen outside it:
# a slow or stalled subscriber must not block the transport, matching the legacy delivery paths.
matched = @mutex.synchronize do
@listen_subscriptions.filter_map do |request_id, subscription|
hit = if field
subscription[:filter][field]
else
uris = subscription[:filter][:resourceSubscriptions]
uri = params.is_a?(Hash) ? params[:uri] || params["uri"] : nil
uris.is_a?(Array) && uris.include?(uri)
end
[request_id, subscription[:stream]] if hit
end
end
matched.each do |request_id, stream|
meta = { RequestEnvelope::SUBSCRIPTION_ID_META_KEY.to_sym => request_id }
notification_params = (params || {}).merge(_meta: meta)
notification = { jsonrpc: "2.0", method: method, params: notification_params }
begin
send_to_stream(stream, notification)
rescue *STREAM_WRITE_ERRORS => e
MCP.configuration.exception_reporter.call(
e,
{ subscription_id: request_id, error: "Failed to send notification" },
)
remove_listen_subscription(request_id)
close_stream_safely(stream)
end
end
end
def remove_listen_subscription(request_id)
@mutex.synchronize { @listen_subscriptions.delete(request_id) }
end
# Graceful teardown (SEP-2575): each open listen stream receives its `SubscriptionsListenResult` response
# before the stream closes.
def teardown_listen_subscriptions
removed = @mutex.synchronize do
subscriptions = @listen_subscriptions.dup
@listen_subscriptions.clear
subscriptions
end
removed.each do |request_id, subscription|
begin
send_to_stream(subscription[:stream], {
jsonrpc: "2.0",
id: request_id,
result: {
# `SubscriptionsListenResult` is served at the transport layer and never
# passes through the dispatch path, so the REQUIRED 2026-07-28 `resultType` is
# stamped at its construction site.
resultType: ResultType::COMPLETE,
_meta: { RequestEnvelope::SUBSCRIPTION_ID_META_KEY.to_sym => request_id },
},
})
rescue *STREAM_WRITE_ERRORS
nil
end
close_stream_safely(subscription[:stream])
end
end
def header_mismatch_response(message, id)
json_rpc_error_response(
status: 400,

View file

@ -50,6 +50,13 @@ module MCP
raise NotImplementedError, "Subclasses must implement send_request"
end
# Whether the transport serves the `subscriptions/listen` notification stream (MCP 2026-07-28, SEP-2575).
# `Server#discover` strips the `listChanged`/`subscribe` capability flags when the transport cannot deliver
# those notifications in the modern lifecycle.
def serves_subscriptions_listen?
false
end
private
def generate_request_id

View file

@ -634,6 +634,27 @@ module MCP
end
end
test "subscriptions/listen is not served over stdio and answers -32601" do
# Like the Python SDK, the stream-pair transport does not serve the SEP-2575 notification subscription stream.
listen = {
jsonrpc: "2.0",
method: "subscriptions/listen",
id: "listen-1",
params: {
notifications: { toolsListChanged: true },
_meta: {
"io.modelcontextprotocol/protocolVersion": "2026-07-28",
"io.modelcontextprotocol/clientInfo": { name: "modern_client", version: "2.0" },
"io.modelcontextprotocol/clientCapabilities": {},
},
},
}
responses = run_transport_session([listen])
assert_equal JsonRpcHandler::ErrorCode::METHOD_NOT_FOUND, responses[0].dig(:error, :code)
end
test "#send_request raises on a modern-locked session" do
run_transport_session([modern_tools_list_request(id: 1)])

View file

@ -41,7 +41,9 @@ module MCP
prompts: [],
resources: [],
)
@transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server)
# Disable the listen keepalive by default so opening a listen stream in a test does not
# spawn a background timer thread; the keepalive is exercised by its own dedicated tests.
@transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server, listen_keepalive_interval: nil)
end
teardown do
@ -5772,6 +5774,248 @@ module MCP
transport.close
end
test "subscriptions/listen opens an SSE stream and acknowledges the honored subset first" do
# `resourceSubscriptions` honoring requires the `resources.subscribe` capability flag,
# which the server defaults do not declare.
server = Server.new(
name: "listen_test",
capabilities: { tools: { listChanged: true }, resources: { listChanged: true, subscribe: true } },
)
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server)
io = open_listen_stream(
id: "listen-1",
notifications: { toolsListChanged: true, resourceSubscriptions: ["file:///a.txt"] },
transport: transport,
)
events = sse_events(io)
assert_equal(1, events.size)
ack = events[0]
assert_equal("notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged", ack["method"])
assert_equal(
{ "toolsListChanged" => true, "resourceSubscriptions" => ["file:///a.txt"] },
ack.dig("params", "notifications"),
)
assert_equal("listen-1", ack.dig("params", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId"))
ensure
transport.close
end
test "SSE responses disable proxy buffering" do
# The spec asks servers to send `X-Accel-Buffering: no` on SSE streams so a reverse proxy
# delivers events as they are written; on a listen stream, buffering would also swallow
# the keepalive frames that detect a dropped peer.
listen = @transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
modern_listen_body(id: "listen-1", params: { notifications: { toolsListChanged: true } }),
))
session_id = initialize_test_session
get_stream = @transport.handle_request(create_rack_request("GET", "/", { "HTTP_MCP_SESSION_ID" => session_id }))
assert_equal("no", listen[1]["x-accel-buffering"])
assert_equal("no", get_stream[1]["x-accel-buffering"])
end
test "subscriptions/listen acknowledgement omits notification types the server does not support" do
server = Server.new(name: "listen_test", capabilities: { tools: { listChanged: true } })
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server)
io = open_listen_stream(
id: "listen-1",
notifications: { toolsListChanged: true, promptsListChanged: true, resourceSubscriptions: ["file:///a.txt"] },
transport: transport,
)
ack = sse_events(io)[0]
assert_equal({ "toolsListChanged" => true }, ack.dig("params", "notifications"))
ensure
transport.close
end
test "subscriptions/listen requires a notifications filter object" do
response = @transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
modern_listen_body(id: "listen-1", params: {}),
))
assert_equal 400, response[0]
assert_equal(-32602, JSON.parse(response[2][0]).dig("error", "code"))
end
test "subscriptions/listen requires the modern _meta envelope" do
response = @transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
{ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "subscriptions/listen", id: "listen-1", params: { notifications: {} } }.to_json,
))
assert_equal 400, response[0]
assert_equal(-32600, JSON.parse(response[2][0]).dig("error", "code"))
end
test "subscriptions/listen delivers only opted-in notifications with the subscriptionId" do
io = open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
@server.notify_tools_list_changed
# Not opted in: MUST NOT be delivered.
@server.notify_prompts_list_changed
events = sse_events(io)
assert_equal 2, events.size
assert_equal "notifications/subscriptions/acknowledged", events[0]["method"]
assert_equal "notifications/tools/list_changed", events[1]["method"]
assert_equal "listen-1", events[1].dig("params", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId")
end
test "subscriptions/listen delivers resource updates only for subscribed URIs" do
server = Server.new(
name: "listen_test",
capabilities: { resources: { listChanged: true, subscribe: true } },
)
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server)
io = open_listen_stream(
id: "listen-1",
notifications: { resourceSubscriptions: ["file:///subscribed.txt"] },
transport: transport,
)
# `**{}` keeps the params Hash positional on Ruby 2.7, matching the other `send_notification` tests.
transport.send_notification("notifications/resources/updated", { uri: "file:///subscribed.txt" }, **{})
transport.send_notification("notifications/resources/updated", { uri: "file:///other.txt" }, **{})
events = sse_events(io)
assert_equal(2, events.size)
assert_equal("notifications/resources/updated", events[1]["method"])
assert_equal("file:///subscribed.txt", events[1].dig("params", "uri"))
assert_equal("listen-1", events[1].dig("params", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId"))
ensure
transport.close
end
test "subscriptions/listen streams for different subscriptions receive their own subscriptionId" do
first = open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
second = open_listen_stream(id: "listen-2", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
@server.notify_tools_list_changed
first_events = sse_events(first)
second_events = sse_events(second)
assert_equal "listen-1", first_events[1].dig("params", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId")
assert_equal "listen-2", second_events[1].dig("params", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId")
end
test "subscriptions/listen closes gracefully with a SubscriptionsListenResult on transport close" do
io = open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
@transport.close
events = sse_events(io)
result = events.last
assert_equal "listen-1", result["id"]
assert_equal "listen-1", result.dig("result", "_meta", "io.modelcontextprotocol/subscriptionId")
# `SubscriptionsListenResult` is a 2026-07-28 result, so it carries the REQUIRED `resultType`.
assert_equal "complete", result.dig("result", "resultType")
assert_predicate io, :closed?
# The subscription is gone: further notifications are not delivered anywhere.
@server.notify_tools_list_changed
assert_equal events, sse_events(io)
end
test "subscriptions/listen honoring reads the capability flags, not capability presence" do
# A server declaring `tools` without `listChanged: true` promises no
# list-changed delivery, so the acknowledgement omits the type.
server = Server.new(name: "listen_test", capabilities: { tools: {}, resources: { listChanged: true } })
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(server)
io = open_listen_stream(
id: "listen-1",
notifications: { toolsListChanged: true, resourcesListChanged: true, resourceSubscriptions: ["file:///a.txt"] },
transport: transport,
)
ack = sse_events(io)[0]
assert_equal({ "resourcesListChanged" => true }, ack.dig("params", "notifications"))
ensure
transport.close
end
test "subscriptions/listen past the concurrent stream cap is rejected with 503" do
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server, max_listen_subscriptions: 1)
open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true }, transport: transport)
response = transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
modern_listen_body(id: "listen-2", params: { notifications: { toolsListChanged: true } }),
))
assert_equal(503, response[0])
body = JSON.parse(response[2][0])
assert_equal("listen-2", body["id"])
assert_includes(body.dig("error", "message"), "maximum concurrent subscriptions/listen streams")
ensure
transport.close
end
test "subscriptions/listen rejects a duplicate subscription id by closing the new stream" do
open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
duplicate = StringIO.new
response = @transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
modern_listen_body(id: "listen-1", params: { notifications: { toolsListChanged: true } }),
))
response[2].call(duplicate)
assert_predicate duplicate, :closed?
end
test "listen keepalive writes a comment frame outside the mutex" do
# Register a subscription backed by a mutex-probing stream, then invoke the ping directly.
mutex = @transport.instance_variable_get(:@mutex)
writes = { total: 0, under_mutex: 0 }
ping = nil
stream = Object.new
stream.define_singleton_method(:write) do |data|
writes[:total] += 1
mutex.try_lock ? mutex.unlock : writes[:under_mutex] += 1
ping = data
end
stream.define_singleton_method(:flush) {}
@transport.instance_variable_get(:@listen_subscriptions)["listen-1"] = { stream: stream, filter: {} }
@transport.send(:send_listen_keepalive_ping, "listen-1")
assert_equal 1, writes[:total]
assert_equal 0, writes[:under_mutex], "keepalive write must not hold @mutex"
assert_match(/\A: ping /, ping)
end
test "listen keepalive frees the slot and closes the stream when the peer is gone" do
transport = StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server, listen_keepalive_interval: 0.01)
io = open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true }, transport: transport)
io.define_singleton_method(:write) { |_data| raise Errno::ECONNRESET }
deadline = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) + 2
until transport.instance_variable_get(:@listen_subscriptions).empty?
flunk("keepalive did not free the slot for a dead peer") if Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) > deadline
sleep(0.01)
end
assert_predicate io, :closed?
ensure
transport.close
end
test "listen keepalive is not started when the interval is nil" do
before = Thread.list.size
open_listen_stream(id: "listen-1", notifications: { toolsListChanged: true })
assert_equal before, Thread.list.size, "a nil interval must not spawn a keepalive thread"
end
test "listen_keepalive_interval rejects a non-positive value" do
assert_raises(ArgumentError) { StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server, listen_keepalive_interval: 0) }
assert_raises(ArgumentError) { StreamableHTTPTransport.new(@server, listen_keepalive_interval: -1) }
end
private
def initialize_test_session(id: "init")
@ -5885,6 +6129,41 @@ module MCP
),
}.to_json
end
def modern_listen_body(id:, params:)
{
jsonrpc: "2.0",
method: "subscriptions/listen",
id: id,
params: params.merge(
_meta: {
"io.modelcontextprotocol/protocolVersion": "2026-07-28",
"io.modelcontextprotocol/clientInfo": { name: "modern_client", version: "2.0" },
"io.modelcontextprotocol/clientCapabilities": {},
},
),
}.to_json
end
# Opens a `subscriptions/listen` stream on the modern path and returns the StringIO
# backing the SSE stream (already carrying the acknowledgement event).
def open_listen_stream(id:, notifications:, transport: @transport)
response = transport.handle_request(modern_rack_request(
modern_listen_body(id: id, params: { notifications: notifications }),
))
assert_equal(200, response[0])
assert_equal("text/event-stream", response[1]["content-type"])
io = StringIO.new
response[2].call(io)
io
end
# Parses every `data:` event written to an SSE StringIO.
def sse_events(io)
io.string.scan(/^data: (.+)$/).map { |match| JSON.parse(match[0]) }
end
end
end
end

View file

@ -130,7 +130,9 @@ module MCP
result = response[:result]
assert_equal Configuration::SUPPORTED_MODERN_PROTOCOL_VERSIONS, result[:supportedVersions]
assert_equal @server.capabilities, result[:capabilities]
# Without a `subscriptions/listen`-serving transport, the `listChanged` flags are
# stripped from the advertised capabilities (see the dedicated tests below).
assert_equal @server.capabilities.keys, result[:capabilities].keys
# Per the finalized spec (PR #3002), the server identity is the optional `_meta` stamp,
# not a top-level `serverInfo` field.
assert_equal @server_name, result.dig(:_meta, RequestEnvelope::SERVER_INFO_META_KEY, :name)
@ -139,6 +141,29 @@ module MCP
assert_equal "Optional instructions for the client", result[:instructions]
end
test "#handle server/discover strips listChanged and subscribe flags without a listen-serving transport" do
server = Server.new(name: "discover_test", capabilities: {
tools: { listChanged: true },
resources: { listChanged: true, subscribe: true },
logging: {},
})
result = server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "server/discover", id: 1 })[:result]
assert_equal({ tools: {}, resources: {}, logging: {} }, result[:capabilities])
end
test "#handle server/discover keeps listChanged flags when the transport serves subscriptions/listen" do
server = Server.new(name: "discover_test", capabilities: { tools: { listChanged: true } })
transport = mock
transport.stubs(:serves_subscriptions_listen?).returns(true)
server.transport = transport
result = server.handle({ jsonrpc: "2.0", method: "server/discover", id: 1 })[:result]
assert_equal({ tools: { listChanged: true } }, result[:capabilities])
end
test "#handle server/discover responds before initialize and regardless of capabilities" do
# Per SEP-2575, discovery is sessionless: no prior `initialize`, no capability gate.
server = Server.new(name: "discover_test", capabilities: {})