feat(packaging): ship CommonJS builds alongside ESM for v2 packages (#2405)

.changeset/cjs-support-v2-packages.md

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+---
+'@modelcontextprotocol/server': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/client': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/core': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/server-legacy': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/codemod': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/express': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/hono': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/fastify': patch
+'@modelcontextprotocol/node': patch
+---
+
+Ship CommonJS builds alongside ESM. Each package now emits both `.mjs`/`.d.mts`
+and `.cjs`/`.d.cts` (via tsdown `format: ['esm', 'cjs']`), and its `exports` map
+adds a `require` condition so `require('@modelcontextprotocol/…')` works from
+CommonJS consumers. Output extensions are normalized across all packages
+(`@modelcontextprotocol/core` moves from `.js`/`.d.ts` to `.mjs`/`.d.mts`); the
+public import paths are unchanged.

docs/behavior-surface-pins.md

@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ CI pass — that reopens the silent-drift hole the pin exists to close.
 
 ## Where pins live
 
-| Surface | File |
-| --- | --- |
-| Wire error-code tables, error classes, version constants | `packages/core-internal/test/types/errorSurfacePins.test.ts` |
-| Schema strict/strip/loose boundaries, key existence | `packages/core-internal/test/types/schemaBoundaryPins.test.ts` |
-| Published package set, export maps, ESM-only topology | `packages/core-internal/test/packageTopologyPins.test.ts` |
-| stdio environment-inheritance safelist | `packages/client/test/client/stdioEnvPins.test.ts` |
-| 2025-11-25 wire method-registry membership, schema identity | `packages/core-internal/test/types/registryPins.test.ts` |
+| Surface                                                     | File                                                           |
+| ----------------------------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| Wire error-code tables, error classes, version constants    | `packages/core-internal/test/types/errorSurfacePins.test.ts`   |
+| Schema strict/strip/loose boundaries, key existence         | `packages/core-internal/test/types/schemaBoundaryPins.test.ts` |
+| Published package set, export maps, dual ESM/CJS topology   | `packages/core-internal/test/packageTopologyPins.test.ts`      |
+| stdio environment-inheritance safelist                      | `packages/client/test/client/stdioEnvPins.test.ts`             |
+| 2025-11-25 wire method-registry membership, schema identity | `packages/core-internal/test/types/registryPins.test.ts`       |
 
 ## Writing a new pin
 

docs/migration/upgrade-to-v2.md

@@ -15,8 +15,8 @@ If you are already on v2 and want to adopt the **2026-07-28 protocol revision**,
 
 ## TL;DR — quick path
 
-1. **Prerequisites.** Node.js 20+ and ESM (`"type": "module"` or `.mts`). v2 ships ESM
-   only; CommonJS callers must use dynamic `import()`.
+1. **Prerequisites.** Node.js 20+. v2 is ESM-first but ships a CommonJS build too, so
+   both `import` and `require('@modelcontextprotocol/…')` resolve natively.
 2. **Run the codemod.**
     ```bash
     npx @modelcontextprotocol/codemod@beta v1-to-v2 .
@@ -212,8 +212,9 @@ depends on `@hono/node-server` at runtime (Node HTTP ↔ Web Standard conversion
 does **not** require the `hono` framework — your package manager may emit a harmless
 unmet-peer warning for `hono` (upstream `@hono/node-server` declares it).
 
-v2 requires **Node.js 20+** and ships **ESM only**. If your project uses CommonJS
-(`require()`), either migrate to ESM or use dynamic `import()`.
+v2 requires **Node.js 20+**. It is ESM-first but ships a **CommonJS build alongside
+ESM**, so CommonJS projects can `require('@modelcontextprotocol/…')` directly — no
+dynamic `import()` shim required.
 
 Repo-local tooling that encodes the literal v1 package name — dependency-pin lints,
 version allowlists, CI checks, scripts — fails after the manifest swap and is invisible
@@ -225,13 +226,13 @@ directly, and a surviving cast keeps suppressing type checking that would otherw
 catch real errors.
 
 Tooling that pins SDK **dist text** (reading a constant out of a built file with
-`require.resolve` + a regex) breaks in three stacked ways: the v2 exports maps offer
-nothing a CJS `require.resolve` can find; the literal usually lives in a
+`require.resolve` + a regex) breaks in two stacked ways: the literal usually lives in a
 content-hashed sibling chunk (`dist/sse-<hash>.mjs`), not the subpath's entry module,
 so fixed-path reads do not survive a rebuild — scan the package's `dist/` directory
 for the literal instead; and the emitted quote style differs from v1, so a
-quote-anchored pattern misses silently — match either quote. v2 also ships ESM only:
-`/dist/cjs/` ↔ `/dist/esm/` flavor-pair path swaps have no equivalent.
+quote-anchored pattern misses silently — match either quote. The build layout also
+changed: v2 emits `.mjs`/`.cjs` siblings in a flat `dist/`, so v1's `/dist/cjs/` ↔
+`/dist/esm/` flavor-pair path swaps have no equivalent.
 
 #### Registry availability during the beta
 
@@ -250,41 +251,13 @@ window:
   (`pnpm install && pnpm build`, then `pnpm pack` in the package directory) and
   reference it with a committed `file:` dependency.
 
-#### CommonJS test runners (Jest) cannot resolve the v2 packages
+#### CommonJS test runners (Jest)
 
-Every leaf of the v2 packages' `exports` maps carries only the `types` and `import`
-conditions — there is no `require` or `default` leaf — so the packages cannot be
-resolved by CJS resolvers at all. Jest under its default CommonJS resolution (including
-`next/jest` setups) fails with `Cannot find module '@modelcontextprotocol/client'` even
-when a transform that handles ESM is configured: resolution fails before any transform
-runs. Vitest and native Node ESM are unaffected.
-
-The interim recipe — interim because the packaging shape is still under discussion and
-a later alpha may make it unnecessary — maps the bare specifiers straight to the dist
-ESM files and lets the transform convert them (the dists contain no `import.meta`, so
-an ESM→CJS transform such as SWC or Babel handles them cleanly):
-
-```js
-// jest.config.js
-transformIgnorePatterns: [], // or a pattern that still transforms @modelcontextprotocol/*
-moduleNameMapper: {
-    '^@modelcontextprotocol/client$': '<rootDir>/node_modules/@modelcontextprotocol/client/dist/index.mjs',
-    '^@modelcontextprotocol/server$': '<rootDir>/node_modules/@modelcontextprotocol/server/dist/index.mjs',
-    // `_shims` is the packages' internal runtime-selection self-reference;
-    // pin it to the Node build under jest.
-    '^@modelcontextprotocol/client/_shims$': '<rootDir>/node_modules/@modelcontextprotocol/client/dist/shimsNode.mjs',
-    '^@modelcontextprotocol/server/_shims$': '<rootDir>/node_modules/@modelcontextprotocol/server/dist/shimsNode.mjs',
-},
-```
-
-The entries are exact-anchored — add one per subpath you import (`/stdio` →
-`dist/stdio.mjs`, `/validators/cf-worker` → `dist/validators/cfWorker.mjs`) and one for
-`@modelcontextprotocol/core` (`dist/index.js`) if you import the raw schemas. The
-`_shims` mappings are required whenever the matching root mapping is present: the dist
-entry files import `@modelcontextprotocol/client/_shims` (a package self-reference)
-internally, and that specifier fails CJS resolution the same way. In a hoisted
-monorepo, point the paths at the `node_modules` directory your package manager actually
-installs into.
+v2 ships a CommonJS build, so CJS test runners resolve the packages natively through the
+`require` export condition — Jest (including `next/jest` setups) no longer needs a
+`moduleNameMapper` workaround to import `@modelcontextprotocol/*`. If you carried a
+v1-era mapping that pinned these packages to their `dist/*.mjs` files, remove it. Vitest
+and native Node ESM are unaffected.
 
 #### Bundlers: nested `zod` copies in zod@3-pinned monorepos
 

packages/client/package.json

@@ -21,40 +21,89 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./stdio": {
-            "types": "./dist/stdio.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/stdio.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/stdio.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/stdio.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/stdio.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/stdio.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./validators/ajv": {
-            "types": "./dist/validators/ajv.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/validators/ajv.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/validators/ajv.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/validators/ajv.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/validators/ajv.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/validators/ajv.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./validators/cf-worker": {
-            "types": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/validators/cfWorker.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./_shims": {
             "workerd": {
-                "types": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.d.mts",
-                "import": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.mjs"
+                "import": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.d.mts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.mjs"
+                },
+                "require": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.d.cts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsWorkerd.cjs"
+                }
             },
             "browser": {
-                "types": "./dist/shimsBrowser.d.mts",
-                "import": "./dist/shimsBrowser.mjs"
+                "import": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsBrowser.d.mts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsBrowser.mjs"
+                },
+                "require": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsBrowser.d.cts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsBrowser.cjs"
+                }
             },
             "node": {
-                "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.mts",
-                "import": "./dist/shimsNode.mjs"
+                "import": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.mts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsNode.mjs"
+                },
+                "require": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.cts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsNode.cjs"
+                }
             },
             "default": {
-                "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.mts",
-                "import": "./dist/shimsNode.mjs"
+                "import": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.mts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsNode.mjs"
+                },
+                "require": {
+                    "types": "./dist/shimsNode.d.cts",
+                    "default": "./dist/shimsNode.cjs"
+                }
             }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "typesVersions": {
         "*": {

packages/client/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -11,7 +11,8 @@ export default defineConfig({
         'src/validators/ajv.ts',
         'src/validators/cfWorker.ts'
     ],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/codemod/package.json

@@ -25,10 +25,17 @@
     },
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "files": [
         "dist"
     ],

packages/codemod/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/cli.ts', 'src/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/core-internal/test/packageTopologyPins.test.ts

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ interface PackageManifest {
     name: string;
     private?: boolean;
     type?: string;
+    main?: string;
     files?: string[];
     bin?: Record<string, string>;
     exports?: Record<string, unknown>;
@@ -75,16 +76,32 @@ describe('public package topology', () => {
                 expect(Object.keys(manifest.exports ?? {})).toEqual(expected.exportKeys);
             });
 
-            test('ships ESM only', () => {
+            test('ships dual ESM + CJS', () => {
+                // The v2 packages are ESM-first but ship a CommonJS build too, so
+                // require('@modelcontextprotocol/…') resolves natively. Pin that
+                // deliberate dual surface: type stays 'module', a `.cjs` main is
+                // present for bare-require fallback, and every export condition
+                // that resolves a module format offers BOTH an `import` (ESM) and a
+                // `require` (CJS) branch — recursively, so nested runtime conditions
+                // (e.g. ./_shims → workerd/browser/node/default) are covered.
                 expect(manifest.type).toBe('module');
-                // No entry may grow a 'require' condition: the v2 packages are
-                // ESM-only by design (a CJS build would be a new public surface).
-                const conditionsOf = (entry: unknown): string[] =>
-                    entry !== null && typeof entry === 'object'
-                        ? Object.entries(entry).flatMap(([key, value]) => [key, ...conditionsOf(value)])
-                        : [];
+                expect(manifest.main).toMatch(/\.cjs$/);
+
+                const assertDual = (node: unknown): void => {
+                    if (node === null || typeof node !== 'object') {
+                        return;
+                    }
+                    const keys = Object.keys(node);
+                    if (keys.includes('import') || keys.includes('require')) {
+                        expect(keys).toContain('import');
+                        expect(keys).toContain('require');
+                    }
+                    for (const value of Object.values(node)) {
+                        assertDual(value);
+                    }
+                };
                 for (const entry of Object.values(manifest.exports ?? {})) {
-                    expect(conditionsOf(entry)).not.toContain('require');
+                    assertDual(entry);
                 }
             });
 

packages/core/package.json

@@ -22,11 +22,18 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.js"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
-    "types": "./dist/index.d.ts",
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
+    "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "files": [
         "dist"
     ],

packages/core/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -12,7 +12,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/middleware/express/package.json

@@ -23,10 +23,17 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "files": [
         "dist"

packages/middleware/express/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/middleware/fastify/package.json

@@ -23,10 +23,17 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "files": [
         "dist"

packages/middleware/fastify/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/middleware/hono/package.json

@@ -23,10 +23,17 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "files": [
         "dist"

packages/middleware/hono/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,

packages/middleware/node/package.json

@@ -22,10 +22,17 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "files": [
         "dist"

packages/middleware/node/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -7,7 +7,8 @@ export default defineConfig({
     entry: ['src/index.ts'],
 
     // 2. Output Configuration
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true, // Recommended: Cleans 'dist' before building
     sourcemap: true,

packages/server-legacy/package.json

@@ -26,18 +26,37 @@
     ],
     "exports": {
         ".": {
-            "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/index.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./sse": {
-            "types": "./dist/sse/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/sse/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/sse/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/sse/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/sse/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/sse/index.cjs"
+            }
         },
         "./auth": {
-            "types": "./dist/auth/index.d.mts",
-            "import": "./dist/auth/index.mjs"
+            "import": {
+                "types": "./dist/auth/index.d.mts",
+                "default": "./dist/auth/index.mjs"
+            },
+            "require": {
+                "types": "./dist/auth/index.d.cts",
+                "default": "./dist/auth/index.cjs"
+            }
         }
     },
+    "main": "./dist/index.cjs",
     "types": "./dist/index.d.mts",
     "typesVersions": {
         "*": {

packages/server-legacy/tsdown.config.ts

@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@ import { defineConfig } from 'tsdown';
 export default defineConfig({
     failOnWarn: 'ci-only',
     entry: ['src/index.ts', 'src/sse/index.ts', 'src/auth/index.ts'],
-    format: ['esm'],
+    format: ['esm', 'cjs'],
+    fixedExtension: true,
     outDir: 'dist',
     clean: true,
     sourcemap: true,