ext-apps/docs/patterns.md

title
Patterns

MCP Apps Patterns

This document covers common patterns and recipes for building MCP Apps.

Tools that are private to Apps

Set {@link types!McpUiToolMeta.visibility Tool._meta.ui.visibility} to ["app"] to make tools only callable by Apps (hidden from the model). This is useful for UI-driven actions like updating quantities, toggling settings, or other interactions that shouldn't appear in the model's tool list.

registerAppTool(
  server,
  "update-quantity",
  {
    description: "Update item quantity in cart",
    inputSchema: { itemId: z.string(), quantity: z.number() },
    _meta: {
      ui: {
        resourceUri: "ui://shop/cart.html",
        visibility: ["app"],
      },
    },
  },
  async ({ itemId, quantity }) => {
    const cart = await updateCartItem(itemId, quantity);
    return { content: [{ type: "text", text: JSON.stringify(cart) }] };
  },
);

See examples/system-monitor-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Reading large amounts of data via chunked tool calls

Some host platforms have size limits on tool call responses, so large files (PDFs, images, etc.) cannot be sent in a single response. Use an app-only tool with chunked responses to bypass these limits while keeping the data out of model context.

Server-side: Register an app-only tool that returns data in chunks with pagination metadata:

// Define the chunk response schema
const DataChunkSchema = z.object({
  bytes: z.string(), // base64-encoded data
  offset: z.number(),
  byteCount: z.number(),
  totalBytes: z.number(),
  hasMore: z.boolean(),
});

const MAX_CHUNK_BYTES = 500 * 1024; // 500KB per chunk

registerAppTool(
  server,
  "read_data_bytes",
  {
    title: "Read Data Bytes",
    description: "Load binary data in chunks",
    inputSchema: {
      id: z.string().describe("Resource identifier"),
      offset: z.number().min(0).default(0).describe("Byte offset"),
      byteCount: z
        .number()
        .default(MAX_CHUNK_BYTES)
        .describe("Bytes to read"),
    },
    outputSchema: DataChunkSchema,
    // Hidden from model - only callable by the App
    _meta: { ui: { visibility: ["app"] } },
  },
  async ({ id, offset, byteCount }): Promise<CallToolResult> => {
    const data = await loadData(id); // Your data loading logic
    const chunk = data.slice(offset, offset + byteCount);

    return {
      content: [{ type: "text", text: `${chunk.length} bytes at ${offset}` }],
      structuredContent: {
        bytes: Buffer.from(chunk).toString("base64"),
        offset,
        byteCount: chunk.length,
        totalBytes: data.length,
        hasMore: offset + chunk.length < data.length,
      },
    };
  },
);

Client-side: Loop calling the tool until all chunks are received:

interface DataChunk {
  bytes: string; // base64
  offset: number;
  byteCount: number;
  totalBytes: number;
  hasMore: boolean;
}

async function loadDataInChunks(
  id: string,
  onProgress?: (loaded: number, total: number) => void,
): Promise<Uint8Array> {
  const CHUNK_SIZE = 500 * 1024; // 500KB chunks
  const chunks: Uint8Array[] = [];
  let offset = 0;
  let totalBytes = 0;
  let hasMore = true;

  while (hasMore) {
    const result = await app.callServerTool({
      name: "read_data_bytes",
      arguments: { id, offset, byteCount: CHUNK_SIZE },
    });

    if (result.isError || !result.structuredContent) {
      throw new Error("Failed to load data chunk");
    }

    const chunk = result.structuredContent as unknown as DataChunk;
    totalBytes = chunk.totalBytes;
    hasMore = chunk.hasMore;

    // Decode base64 to bytes
    const binaryString = atob(chunk.bytes);
    const bytes = new Uint8Array(binaryString.length);
    for (let i = 0; i < binaryString.length; i++) {
      bytes[i] = binaryString.charCodeAt(i);
    }
    chunks.push(bytes);

    offset += chunk.byteCount;
    onProgress?.(offset, totalBytes);
  }

  // Combine all chunks into single array
  const fullData = new Uint8Array(totalBytes);
  let pos = 0;
  for (const chunk of chunks) {
    fullData.set(chunk, pos);
    pos += chunk.length;
  }

  return fullData;
}

// Usage: load data with progress updates
loadDataInChunks(resourceId, (loaded, total) => {
  console.log(`Loading: ${Math.round((loaded / total) * 100)}%`);
}).then((data) => {
  console.log(`Loaded ${data.length} bytes`);
});

See examples/pdf-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Giving errors back to the model

Server-side: Tool handler validates inputs and returns { isError: true, content: [...] }. The model receives this error through the normal tool call response.

Client-side: If a runtime error occurs (e.g., API failure, permission denied, resource unavailable), use {@link app!App.updateModelContext updateModelContext} to inform the model:

try {
  const _stream = await navigator.mediaDevices.getUserMedia({ audio: true });
  // ... use _stream for transcription
} catch (err) {
  // Inform the model that the app is in a degraded state
  await app.updateModelContext({
    content: [
      {
        type: "text",
        text: "Error: transcription unavailable",
      },
    ],
  });
}

Adapting to host context (theme, styling, fonts, and safe areas)

The host provides context about its environment via {@link types!McpUiHostContext McpUiHostContext}. Use this to adapt your app's appearance and layout:

• Theme — Use [data-theme="dark"] selectors or light-dark() function for theme-aware styles
• CSS variables — Use var(--color-background-primary), etc. in your CSS (see {@link types!McpUiStyleVariableKey McpUiStyleVariableKey} for a full list)
• Fonts — Use var(--font-sans) or var(--font-mono) with fallbacks (e.g., font-family: var(--font-sans, system-ui, sans-serif))
• Safe area insets — Apply padding to avoid device notches, rounded corners, or system UI overlays

Vanilla JS:

function applyHostContext(ctx: McpUiHostContext) {
  if (ctx.theme) {
    applyDocumentTheme(ctx.theme);
  }
  if (ctx.styles?.variables) {
    applyHostStyleVariables(ctx.styles.variables);
  }
  if (ctx.styles?.css?.fonts) {
    applyHostFonts(ctx.styles.css.fonts);
  }
  if (ctx.safeAreaInsets) {
    mainEl.style.paddingTop = `${ctx.safeAreaInsets.top}px`;
    mainEl.style.paddingRight = `${ctx.safeAreaInsets.right}px`;
    mainEl.style.paddingBottom = `${ctx.safeAreaInsets.bottom}px`;
    mainEl.style.paddingLeft = `${ctx.safeAreaInsets.left}px`;
  }
}

// Apply when host context changes
app.onhostcontextchanged = applyHostContext;

// Apply initial context after connecting
app.connect().then(() => {
  const ctx = app.getHostContext();
  if (ctx) {
    applyHostContext(ctx);
  }
});

React:

function MyApp() {
  const [hostContext, setHostContext] = useState<McpUiHostContext>();

  const { app } = useApp({
    appInfo: { name: "MyApp", version: "1.0.0" },
    capabilities: {},
    onAppCreated: (app) => {
      app.onhostcontextchanged = (ctx) => {
        setHostContext((prev) => ({ ...prev, ...ctx }));
      };
    },
  });

  // Set initial host context after connection
  useEffect(() => {
    if (app) {
      setHostContext(app.getHostContext());
    }
  }, [app]);

  // Apply styles when host context changes
  useEffect(() => {
    if (hostContext?.theme) {
      applyDocumentTheme(hostContext.theme);
    }
    if (hostContext?.styles?.variables) {
      applyHostStyleVariables(hostContext.styles.variables);
    }
    if (hostContext?.styles?.css?.fonts) {
      applyHostFonts(hostContext.styles.css.fonts);
    }
  }, [hostContext]);

  return (
    <div
      style={{
        background: "var(--color-background-primary)",
        fontFamily: "var(--font-sans)",
        paddingTop: hostContext?.safeAreaInsets?.top,
        paddingRight: hostContext?.safeAreaInsets?.right,
        paddingBottom: hostContext?.safeAreaInsets?.bottom,
        paddingLeft: hostContext?.safeAreaInsets?.left,
      }}
    >
      Styled with host CSS variables, fonts, and safe area insets
    </div>
  );
}

See examples/basic-server-vanillajs/ and examples/basic-server-react/ for full implementations of this pattern.

Entering / exiting fullscreen

Toggle fullscreen mode by calling {@link app!App.requestDisplayMode requestDisplayMode}:

const container = document.getElementById("main")!;
const ctx = app.getHostContext();
const newMode = ctx?.displayMode === "inline" ? "fullscreen" : "inline";
if (ctx?.availableDisplayModes?.includes(newMode)) {
  const result = await app.requestDisplayMode({ mode: newMode });
  container.classList.toggle("fullscreen", result.mode === "fullscreen");
}

Listen for display mode changes via {@link app!App.onhostcontextchanged onhostcontextchanged} to update your UI:

app.onhostcontextchanged = (ctx) => {
  // Adjust to current display mode
  if (ctx.displayMode) {
    const container = document.getElementById("main")!;
    const isFullscreen = ctx.displayMode === "fullscreen";
    container.classList.toggle("fullscreen", isFullscreen);
  }

  // Adjust display mode controls
  if (ctx.availableDisplayModes) {
    const fullscreenBtn = document.getElementById("fullscreen-btn")!;
    const canFullscreen = ctx.availableDisplayModes.includes("fullscreen");
    fullscreenBtn.style.display = canFullscreen ? "block" : "none";
  }
};

In fullscreen mode, remove the container's border radius so content extends to the viewport edges:

#main {
  border-radius: var(--border-radius-lg);

  &.fullscreen {
    border-radius: 0;
  }
}

See examples/shadertoy-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Passing contextual information from the App to the model

Use {@link app!App.updateModelContext updateModelContext} to keep the model informed about what the user is viewing or interacting with. Structure the content with YAML frontmatter for easy parsing:

const markdown = `---
item-count: ${itemList.length}
total-cost: ${totalCost}
currency: ${currency}
---

User is viewing their shopping cart with ${itemList.length} items selected:

${itemList.map((item) => `- ${item}`).join("\n")}`;

await app.updateModelContext({
  content: [{ type: "text", text: markdown }],
});

See examples/map-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Sending large follow-up messages

When you need to send more data than fits in a message, use {@link app!App.updateModelContext updateModelContext} to set the context first, then {@link app!App.sendMessage sendMessage} with a brief prompt to trigger a response:

const markdown = `---
word-count: ${fullTranscript.split(/\s+/).length}
speaker-names: ${speakerNames.join(", ")}
---

${fullTranscript}`;

// Offload long transcript to model context
await app.updateModelContext({ content: [{ type: "text", text: markdown }] });

// Send brief trigger message
await app.sendMessage({
  role: "user",
  content: [{ type: "text", text: "Summarize the key points" }],
});

See examples/transcript-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Persisting view state

To persist view state across conversation reloads (e.g., current page in a PDF viewer, camera position in a map), use localStorage with a stable identifier provided by the server.

Server-side: Tool handler generates a unique viewUUID and returns it in CallToolResult._meta.viewUUID:

// In your tool callback, include viewUUID in the result metadata.
return {
  content: [{ type: "text", text: `Displaying PDF viewer for "${title}"` }],
  structuredContent: { url, title, pageCount, initialPage: 1 },
  _meta: {
    viewUUID: randomUUID(),
  },
};

Client-side: Receive the UUID in {@link app!App.ontoolresult ontoolresult} and use it as the storage key:

// Store the viewUUID received from the server
let viewUUID: string | undefined;

// Helper to save state to localStorage
function saveState<T>(state: T): void {
  if (!viewUUID) return;
  try {
    localStorage.setItem(viewUUID, JSON.stringify(state));
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("Failed to save view state:", err);
  }
}

// Helper to load state from localStorage
function loadState<T>(): T | null {
  if (!viewUUID) return null;
  try {
    const saved = localStorage.getItem(viewUUID);
    return saved ? (JSON.parse(saved) as T) : null;
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("Failed to load view state:", err);
    return null;
  }
}

// Receive viewUUID from the tool result
app.ontoolresult = (result) => {
  viewUUID = result._meta?.viewUUID
    ? String(result._meta.viewUUID)
    : undefined;

  // Restore any previously saved state
  const savedState = loadState<{ currentPage: number }>();
  if (savedState) {
    // Apply restored state to your UI...
  }
};

// Call saveState() whenever your view state changes
// e.g., saveState({ currentPage: 5 });

See examples/map-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Pausing computation-heavy views when offscreen

Views with animations, WebGL rendering, or polling can consume significant CPU/GPU even when scrolled offscreen. Use IntersectionObserver to pause expensive operations when the view isn't visible:

// Use IntersectionObserver to pause when view scrolls out of view
const observer = new IntersectionObserver((entries) => {
  entries.forEach((entry) => {
    if (entry.isIntersecting) {
      animation.play(); // or startPolling(), etc
    } else {
      animation.pause(); // or stopPolling(), etc
    }
  });
});
observer.observe(container);

// Clean up when the host tears down the view
app.onteardown = async () => {
  observer.disconnect();
  animation.pause();
  return {};
};

See examples/shadertoy-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.

Lowering perceived latency

Use {@link app!App.ontoolinputpartial ontoolinputpartial} to receive streaming tool arguments as they arrive. This lets you show a loading preview before the complete input is available, such as streaming code into a <pre> tag before executing it, partially rendering a table as data arrives, or incrementally populating a chart.

const codePreview = document.querySelector<HTMLPreElement>("#code-preview")!;
const canvas = document.querySelector<HTMLCanvasElement>("#canvas")!;

app.ontoolinputpartial = (params) => {
  codePreview.textContent = (params.arguments?.code as string) ?? "";
  codePreview.style.display = "block";
  canvas.style.display = "none";
};

app.ontoolinput = (params) => {
  codePreview.style.display = "none";
  canvas.style.display = "block";
  render(params.arguments?.code as string);
};

Important

Partial arguments are "healed" JSON — the host closes unclosed brackets/braces to produce valid JSON. This means objects may be incomplete (e.g., the last item in an array may be truncated). Don't rely on partial data for critical operations; use it only for preview UI.

See examples/threejs-server/ for a full implementation of this pattern.